Clinical characteristic by domain | HC | BD | p value a | p value adjusted b |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 136) | (n = 119) | |||
Medical, substance use disorder, and anxiety disorder comorbidities, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cardiovascular disease | 8 (6) | 24 (21) | 1 × 10−3 | .08 |
 Diabetes | 2 (2) | 11 (9) | 5 × 10−3 | .25 |
 Migraine | 9 (7) | 27 (23) | <1 × 10−3 | 5 × 10−3 |
 Alcohol use disorders | - | 43 (36) | - | - |
 Drug use disorders | - | 20 (17) | - | - |
 Anxiety disorder | - | 24 (20) | - | - |
Features of BD, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mixed episodes | - | 25 (23) | - | - |
 Rapid cycling | - | 34 (29) | - | - |
 Suicide attempts | - | 39 (33) | - | - |
 Mixed symptoms | - | 38 (36) | - | - |
 Psychosis | - | 68 (59) | - | - |
Severity/symptom measures, mean (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age at onset (years) | - | 19.2 (8.3) | - | - |
 Depression (number of episodes) | - | 5 (8) | - | - |
 Mania (number of episodes) | - | 2 (3) | - | - |
 Hypomania (number of episodes) | - | 3 (20) | - | - |
 Current symptom state |  |  |  |  |
  HDRS 17 | 0.57 (1.32) | 2.06 (1.99) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
  HDRS 21 with atypical symptoms | 0.76 (1.61) | 3.93 (4.39) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
  YMRS | 0.13 (0.63) | 1.21 (1.84) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
Chronotype, sleep, and sleepiness, mean (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 PSQI total score | 3.82 (2.7) | 6.45 (3.41) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 Sleep quality | 0.37 (0.53) | 1.03 (1.00) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 Sleep latency | 0.74 (0.75) | 1.08 (0.98) | 3 × 10−3 | .01 |
 Sleep duration | 1.00 (1.09) | 0.84 (1.07) | .24 | .19 |
 Sleep efficiency | 0.30 (0.72) | 0.43 (0.79) | .18 | .42 |
 Sleep disturbance | 0.50 (0.74) | 1.13 (1.02) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 Sleep medication | 0.70 (0.59) | 0.99 (0.73) | <1 × 10−3 | 4 × 10−3 |
 Daytime dysfunction | 0.21 (0.46) | 0.94 (0.91) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 ESS sleepiness | 5.38 (3.27) | 6.58 (4.18) | .01 | .01 |
 MCTQ | 3.20 (1.63) | 3.03 (1.90) | .46 | .40 |
Dimensional/personality traits, mean (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 NEO-PI neuroticism | 44.99 (9.18) | 58.38 (13.24) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 NEO-PI extraversion | 52.78 (8.63) | 50.26 (10.55) | .04 | .49 |
 NEO-PI openness | 56.59 (10.71) | 59.26 (12.07) | .06 | 7 × 10−3 |
 NEO-PI agreeableness | 49.75 (10.68) | 50.44 (12.51) | .63 | .81 |
 NEO-PI conscientiousness | 49.20 (10.61) | 43.58 (13.27) | <1 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−3 |
Life story/trauma, mean (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 CTQ childhood trauma | 34.27 (8.11) | 46.60 (17.34) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 LEOS undesirable events | 0.85 (1.43) | 1.63 (2.17) | 1 × 10−3 | 3 × 10−3 |
 LEC stressful life events | 4.90 (3.77) | 4.56 (3.31) | .44 | .74 |
 FACES-II cohesion | 62.02 (9.39) | 55.67 (13.79) | <1 × 10−3 | <1 × 10−3 |
 FACES-II adaptability | 46.63 (7.75) | 43.54 (10.85) | .01 | .03 |
 MRCIR social support | 42.70 (6.82) | 39.78 (8.90) | <4 × 10−3 | .12 |
 MRCIR undermining | 11.02 (3.64) | 13.07 (4.96) | <1 × 10−3 | 2 × 10−3 |
Behavioral, median (IQR) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Current use |  |  |  |  |
  AUDIT alcoholc | 0 (4) | 3 (5) | .28 |  |
  AUDIT drugsc | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .02 |  |
  FTND nicotine dependencec | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .04 |  |