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International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Sample characteristics and differences between personality classes

From: The big five model in bipolar disorder: a latent profile analysis and its impact on longterm illness severity

Variable

Total sample (N = 134)

Class 1: resilient (n = 68)

Class 2: vulnerable (n = 55)

Class 3: highly vulnerable (n = 11)

Statistics

p value

Effect size

Bipolar I subtype (% yes)

87 (64.9)

47 (69.1)

34 (61.8)

6 (54.5)

0.675a

V = 0.07b

Demographic variables

 Gender (% female)

86 (64.2)

43 (63.2)

35 (63.6)

8 (72.7)

0.892a

V = 0.05b

 Years of age—M (SD)

44.3 (13.3)

45.1 (13.5)

43.7 (13.5)

41.9 (10.7)

0.705c

ω2 = −0.01

 # Years of education—M (SD)

13.5 (3.2)

13.8 (3.1)

13.4 (3.3)

12.2 (2.8)

0.262d

η2 = 0.01

 Employment (% yes)

69 (51.5)

34 (50.0)

30 (54.5)

5 (45.5)

0.797a

V = 0.06b

 Relationship Status (% in relationship)

69 (51.5)

37 (54.4)

26 (47.3)

6 (54.5)

0.755a

V = 0.07b

Clinical variables

 Substance use (% yes)

  Alcohol

39 (29.1)

21 (30.9)

15 (27.3)

3 (27.3)

1.00a

V = .03b

  Drugs

16 (11.9)

8 (11.8)

6 (10.9)

2 (18.2)

0.774a

V = 0.06b

 Co-morbiditye—M (SD)

0.31 (0.64)

0.2 (0.52)

0.29 (0.52)

1.25 (1.16)

0.002** d

η2 = 0.10

 Medicationf—M (SD)

1.80 (1.01)

1.78 (1.18)

1.78 (0.85)

2.1 (0.57)

0.326d

η2 = 0.00

 Age at onset—M (SD)

27.2 (10.2)

29.3 (9.6)

24.5 (10.2)

27.3 (11.3)

0.023* d

η2 = 0.04

 Past episodes—M (SD)

15.4 (16.2)

14.9 (17.9)

16.3 (15.5)

13.6 (10.1)

0.425d

η2 = 0.00

Previous rapid cycling (% yes)

27 (20.1)

11 (16.2)

14 (25.5)

2 (18.2)

0.458a

V = 0.11b

 #Hospitalizations—M (SD)

3.0 (3.1)

3.0 (2.6)

2.8 (3.4)

4.3 (3.8)

0.314d

η2 = 0.00

 Attempted suicide (% yes)

41 (30.6)

19 (27.9)

20 (36.4)

2 (18.2)

0.478a

V = 0.12b

NEO-FFI scales—M (SD)

 Neuroticism

1.96 (0.71)

1.44 (0.45)

2.39 (0.42)

3.10 (0.34)

 < 0.001*** d

η2 = 0.67

 Extraversion

1.99 (0.6)

2.25 (0.48)

1.88 (0.52)

1.0 (0.43)

 < 0.001*** d

η2 = 0.27

 Openness

2.43 (0.55)

2.36 (0.59)

2.54 (0.46)

2.25 (0.55)

0.103c

ω2 = 0.02

 Agreeableness

2.53 (0.43)

2.68 (0.38)

2.45 (0.41)

2.04 (0.43)

 < 0.001*** c

ω2 = 0.17

 Conscientiousness

2.52 (0.55)

2.85 (0.4)

2.31 (0.41)

1.55 (0.25)

 < 0.001*** c

ω2 = 0.49

Psychopathology

 HDRS-21, M (SD)

2.92 (2.74)

1.85 (2.17)

3.82 (2.79)

4.50 (3.46)

 < 0.001***

η2 = 0.12

 YMRS, M (SD)

1.46 (2.21)

1.94 (2.74)

1.06 (1.49)

0.75 (1.39)

0.384

η2 = 0.00

Morbidity Index—M (SD)

0.44 (0.37)

0.30 (0.31)

0.53 (0.35)

0.9 (0.35)

 < 0.001*** d

η2 = 0.19

  1. NEO-FFI, NEO Five-Factor Inventory; HDRS-21, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale
  2. aFisher-Freeman-Halton exact test, bCramer’s V, cF(2131), ANOVA, dH(2), Kruskal–Wallis test, asymptotic significance, enumber of co-morbid axis I or II diagnoses, fnumber of current psychotropic medication groups (lithium, anticonvulsants, neuroleptics, and antidepressants)
  3. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
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