From: Differences between bipolar disorder types 1 and 2 support the DSM two-syndrome concept
Measure | Measure or Percentage [95%CI] | RR | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BD-1 | BD-2 | (BD-1BD-2) | [t or χ2] | |
Subjects (n) | 657 | 720 | 1/1.10 | – |
Co-occurring (%) | ||||
Medical illness | 26.2 [22.9–29.7] | 35.9 [32.3–39.5] | 1/1.37 | < 0.0001 [112] |
ADHD | 28.7 [23.9–33.8] | 21.5 [17.7–25.7] | 1.33 | 0.02 [5.19] |
Anxiety disorder | 49.5 [42.7–56.4] | 60.3 [54.3–66.0] | 1/1.22 | 0.02 [5.72] |
Substance use | ||||
Drug abuse (%) | 20.6 [18.5–24.8] | 14.4 [11.9–17.2] | 1.43 | 0.0006 [11.9] |
Alcohol abuse (%) | 18.7 [14.2–24.0] | 13.4 [9.81–17.6] | 1.4 | 0.08 [3.05] |
Cigarettes/day | 12.3 [10.8–13.7] | 9.96 [8.87–11.1] | 1.23 | 0.01 [2.57] |
First episode type (%) | ||||
Depressive | 50.0 [31.9–68.1] | 86.5 [71.2–95.5] | 1/1.73 | < 0.0001 [69.9] |
[Hypo]manic | 25.0 [11.5–43.4] | 10.8 [3.03–25.4] | 2.31 | < 0.0001 [39.0] |
Mixed | 9.38 [1.98–25.0] | 2.70 [0.07–14.2] | 3.47 | 0.36 [0.85] |
Psychotic | 15.6 [5.28–32.8] | 0.00 [0.00–0.00] | > 15.6 | < 0.0001 [136] |
Duration (months) | 3.16 [2.81–3.52] | 5.40 [4.37–6.43] | 1/1.71 | < 0.0001 [5.17] |
Intake ratings | ||||
HDRS | 14.6 [13.9–15.3] | 17.5 [16.9–18.0] | 1/1.20 | < 0.0001 [6.18] |
HARS | 7.86 [6.39–9.33] | 10.1 [9.00–11.2] | 1/1.29 | < 0.0001 [5.57] |
MADRS | 13.6 [11.7–15.5] | 17.5 [15.9–19.1] | 1/1.29 | 0.002 [3.15] |
MDQ | 11.6 [10.8–12.3] | 9.56 [8.99–10.1] | 1.21 | < 0.0001 [4.24] |
YMRS | 2.40 [1.83–2.97] | 1.42 [1.13–1.71] | 1.69 | 0.001 [3.26] |
HDRS Improvement (%) | 46.2 [29.9–62.4] | 63.1 [59.7–66.5] | 1/1.37 | 0.02 [2.36] |
Switch risk (%) | ||||
Overall | 34.2 [22.4–29.2] | 49.0 [33.0–40.3] | 1/1.43 | < 0.0001 [30.8] |
Mania | 9.13 [7.04–11.6] | 0.00 0.00–0.00] | 1/1.74 | < 0.0001 [68.8] |
Hypomania | 7.91 [5.97–10.2] | 29.6 [26.3–33.1] | 1/3.74 | < 0.0001 [104] |
Mixed | 3.96 [98–25.0] | 6. 26 [0.07–14.2] | 1/1.58 | 0.002 [10.1] |
Psychotic | 3.65 [2.35–5.39] | 0.14 [0.00–0.77] | 26.1 | < 0.0001 [23.0] |
Seasonality (%) | ||||
Fall/winter depression | 22.0 [15.5–29.7] | 12.4 [7.81–18.3] | 1.77 | 0.02 [5.14] |
Spring–summer [hypo]mania | 12.8 [7.74–19.4] | 1.76 [0.37–5.07] | 7.27 | 0.0001 [14.8] |
Morbidity | ||||
Episodes/year | 2.20 [1.82–2.58] | 2.00 [1.23–2.77] | 1.1 | 0.65 [0.45] |
Depressions/year | 0.84 [0.45–0.82] | 1.22 [0.83–1.62] | 1/1.45 | 0.09 [1.70] |
[Hypo]manias/year | 1.16 [0.80–1.52] | 0.89 [0.30–1.49] | 1.3 | 0.46 [0.73] |
%-Time ill | 39.9 [36.0–43.8] | 36.4 [34.0–38.9] | 1.1 | 0.68 [0.42] |
%-Time depressed | 19.9 [18.0–21.8] | 26.4 [24.4–28.4] | 1/1.33 | < 0.0001 [5.17] |
%-Time [Hypo]manic | 14.9 [16.4–23.6] | 9.53 [8.78–11.3] | 248 | < 0.0001 [11.1] |
Hospitalized (%/year) | 8.60 [8.17–9.03] | 1.61 [0.74–2.48] | 5.34 | < 0.0001 [4.27] |
DMI course | 30.7 [24.3–34.3] | 63.3 [58.1–68.0] | 1/2.06 | < 0.0001 [526] |
Predominant depression (%) | 58.5 [51.7–65.2] | 83.4 [77.4–88.4] | 1/1.43 | < 0.0001 [30.3] |
Rapid or continuous cycling (%) | 6.76 [4.87–9.09] | 21.4 [18–24.8.2] | 1/3.17 | < 0.0001 [53.2] |
Suicidal history | ||||
Ideation only (%) | 25.8 [22.4–29.4] | 35.2 [31.6–38.9] | 1/1.36 | < 0.0001 [21.2] |
Attempts (%) | 20.5 [17.5–23.8] | 17.1 [14.4–20.0] | 1.2 | 0.10 [2.71] |
Suicide (%) | 2.59 [1.51–4.11] | 1.53 [0.76–2.72] | 1.69 | 0.16 [1.94] |
Violent acts (%) | 8.37 [6.37–10.8] | 4.86 [3.41–6.70] | 1.72 | 0.008 [6.93] |
Lethality (attempts/suicide) | 7.94 [5.15–13.3] | 11.2 [6.48–22.0] | 1/1.41 | 0.35 [0.89] |
Age at first attempt | 33.2 [31.1–35.4] | 36.6 [34.0–39.2] | 1/1.10 | 0.05 [1.97] |