From: Psychotic features, particularly mood incongruence, as a hallmark of severity of bipolar I disorder
 | BD I all (n = 162) | BD I with psychotic features (n = 96) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Psychotic (n = 96) | Non-psychotic (n = 66) | Test statistic | p | Mood-incongruent (n = 43) | Mood-congruent (n = 53) | Test statistic | p |
 |  |  | (95% C.I)a |  |  |  | (95% C.I)a |  |
Treatment characteristics of most severe or most recent episode | ||||||||
 Consultation of a professional healthcare provider for manic or mixed episode [%] | 85.0 | 66.7 | OR = 2.9 (1.3; 6.5) | 0.009 | 88.4 | 82.0 | OR = 1.7 (0.5; 5.5) | 0.387 |
 Any drug treatment for manic or mixed episode [%] | 80.4 | 59.0 | OR = 3.0 (1.4; 6.3) |  < 0.050 | 85.7 | 76.0 | OR = 2.0 (0.7; 6.0) | 0.214 |
 Consultation of a professional healthcare provider for depressive episode b [%] | 93.6 | 96.6 | OR = 0.6 (0.1; 3.3) | 0.549 | 97.1 | 90.9 | OR = 3.4 (0.4; 32.3) | 0.287 |
 Any drug treatment for depressive episode b [%] | 85.7 | 86.0 | OR = 1.5 (0.5; 4.5) | 0.507 | 93.9 | 79.6 | OR = 4.8 (0.8; 27.8) | 0.080 |
Lifetime mood stabilizers | ||||||||
 Lithium only [%] | 8.3 | 20.0 | OR = 0.4 (0.2; 1.1) | 0.063 | 7.0 | 9.4 | OR = 0.8 (0.2; 4.0) | 0.771 |
 Anticonvulsants only [%] | 5.2 | 6.2 | OR = 0.7 (0.2; 2.7) | 0.575 | 7.0 | 3.8 | OR = 2.3 (0.3; 15.7) | 0.387 |
 Antipsychotics only [%] | 18.1 | 10.0 | OR = 2.0 (0.7; 5.5) | 0.182 | 12.2 | 22.6 | OR = 0.5 (0.2; 1.5) | 0.196 |
Combinations | ||||||||
 Lithium and anticonvulsants [%] | 1.0 | 3.1 | –c | – | 0 | 1.9 | –c | – |
 Lithium and antipsychotics [%] | 28.1 | 20.3 | OR = 1.6 (0.7; 3.4) | 0.244 | 32.6 | 24.5 | OR = 1.5 (0.6; 3.7) | 0.371 |
 Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics [%] | 18.8 | 10.9 | OR = 1.6 (0.6; 4.3) | 0.310 | 18.6 | 18.9 | OR = 1.0 (0.4; 3.0) | 0.945 |
 Lithium and anticonvulsants and antipsychotics) [%] | 14.6 | 14.1 | OR = 1.3 (0.5; 3.3) | 0.616 | 14.0 | 15.1 | OR = 0.9 (0.3; 2.9) | 0.870 |
Number of psychiatric hospitalizations [mean (s.d)] | 3.8 (2.7) | 2.5 (2.3) | β = 1.1 (0.3; 1.9) | 0.006 | 3.9 (3.2) | 2.9 (2.2) | β = 1.0 (− 0.1; 2.0) | 0.084 |