The common bipolar phenotype in young people

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Questionnaire scores for individuals with the probable bipolar or threshold bipolar syndrome and controls

	Probable bipolar (N= 106)	Threshold bipolar (N= 459)	Controls (N= 637)	Significance
EPQ-N, mean (s.d.)	9.4 (3.5)	8.1 (3.5)	5.3 (3.3)	F = 124.772, p < 0.001; η² = 0.172
GHQ-12 caseness (≥3) (%)	77	58	47	LR = 41.807, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.183
Current PHQ ≥ 15^a (%)	33	10	4	LR = 53.477, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.279
Past PHQ ≥ 15^a (%)	54	21	9	LR = 88.999, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.336
CAGE ≥ 2 (%)	34	22	6	LR = 90.137, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.274
Gambles several times a month^b (%)	6	7	3	LR = 7.010, p = 0.030; ϕ = 0.105
Gambles online^b (%)	13	8	2	LR = 16.574, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.165
Health problems (%)	28	14	8	LR = 31.158, p < 0.001; ϕ = 0.174
Medications^a (%)	6	2	0.4	LR = 13.197, p = 0.001; ϕ = 0.183

s.d., standard deviation; LR, likelihood ratio; df = 2, 1199 for EPQ-N or df = 2 for other variables. ^aProbable bipolar group: total N = 80; threshold bipolar group: total N = 345; controls: total N = 499. ^bProbable bipolar group: total N = 53; threshold bipolar group: total N = 236; controls: total N = 347.