Table 1 Large cohort studies provide evidence for a significant association between bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus
Author | Year | Title | Design | Type of bipolar disorder (BD) | Method of assessment of BD | Type of diabetes mellitus (DM) | Method of assessment | Results for BD group | Age of participants (years) | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wändell et al. | 2014 | Diabetes and psychiatric illness in the total population of Stockholm | National cohort study Cross-sectional study | BD F30–F31 | Electronic patient records | DM (ICD-10 codes E10–E14 | Electronic patient records | Age adjusted odds ratio of BD among patients with DM 1.714 (1.540–1.905) for women and 1.600 (1.429–1.792) for men | 0–85+ | 2058,408 96,103 with DM 6341 with BD |
Crump et al. | 2013 | Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study | National cohort study Cross-sectional | BD ICD-10 code F31 | Public health records | DM (ICD-10 codes E10–E14) | Public health records | Risk of DM (1.7-fold among women and 1.6-fold among men) | >20 | 6587,036 353,615 with DM 6618 with BD |
Bai et al. | 2013 | Risk of developing diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia among patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia: a 10-year nationwide population-based prospective cohort study | 10-year nationwide population-based prospective matched control cohort study | BD (ICD-9-CM code: 296, except 296.2, 296.3) | National Health Insurance (NHI) program records | DM (ICD-9-CM code 250) | National Health Insurance (NHI) program records | Increased risk of initiation of anti-diabetic medications (10.1 vs. 6.3 %, p = 0.012) Age and gender adjusted risk [hazard ratio (HR) of 1.702, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.155–2.507] | Average age 45.3 ± 14.0 | 1000,000 367 patients with BD 37 with DM |
Svendal et al. | 2012 | Co-prescription of medication for bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based study with focus on gender differences | Norwegian prescription database Case–control study | BD | Indicated by prescription of mood stabilizers | DM | Indicated by prescription of antidiabetic medication | Unadjusted odds ratio of 2.1 (CI 95 %: 1.9, 2.2) Sex and age adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (CI 95 %: 1.8, 2.1) | 20–69 | 2,929,065 77,669 with DM 17,007 with BD |
Hsieh et al. | 2012 | Medical costs and vasculo-metabolic comorbidities among patients with bipolar disorder in Taiwan—a population-based and -matched control study | Matched case–control study | BD (ICD-9-CM code 296, except 296.2, 296.3) | Hospital admission | DM ICD-9-CM (250) | Medical records | DM prevalence ratio 3.19; [2.74, 3.70]; p < .0001 | >20 | About 23,000,000 4,067 with BD, 420 with DM |
Kodesh et al. | 2012 | Epidemiology and comorbidity of severe mental illnesses in the community: findings from a computerized mental health registry in a large Israeli health organization | Publicly funded Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) records Case–control study | BD-I, BD-II, Mania ICD-9 codes 295.*–298.* | Medical records | DM | Computerized medical records | DM odds ratio of 1.6 | >21 | 2,000,000 5,732 patients with BD |
Chien et al. | 2010 | Prevalence of diabetes in patients with bipolar disorder in Taiwan: a population-based national health insurance study | National Health Research Institute Case–control study | BD | Medical records | DM | Medical records | Diabetes prevalence in BD patients versus controls 10.77 vs. 5.57 %, OR 2.01; 99 % CI 1.64–2.48 | >18 | 1,000,000 1,848 with BD |