Table 1 Demographic characteristics
Offspring study | Twin study | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time-point | 5 years follow-upa | 12-year follow-up | Baseline | 6-year follow-up | ||||||||
Group | Offspring (n = 126) | Controls (n = 129)b | Offspring (n = 103) | Controls (n = 50)b | Bipolar parent (n = 63) | Co-parent (n = 58) | Bipolar index twin (n = 51) | Co-twin (n = 51) | Control twin (n = 70) | Bipolar index twin (n = 31)d | Co-twin (n = 32)d | Control twins (n = 58)d |
Female, n (%) | 57 (55) | 103 (79) | 46 (45) | 28 (56) | 41 (66) | 29 (49) | 35 (69) | 33 (65) | 55 (79) | 23 (74) | 22 (69) | 41 (71) |
Mean age in years (SD) | NA | NA | 27.9 (2.9) | 26.5 (2.5) | 58.1 (4.2) | 58.3 (4.2) | 41.3 (10.1) | 41.3 (10.1) | 41.2 (9.3) | 49.1 (10.5) | 49.3 (11.3) | 48.3 (8.1) |
Range | 12–21 | 12–19 | 22–32 | 22–33 | 50–68 | 49–67 | 20–60 | 20–60 | 20–57 | 29–69 | 21–69 | 32–72 |
DSM-IV diagnosis | ||||||||||||
Bipolar disorder, n (%) | 13 (10.3) | 14 (13.6) | – | 63 (100) | 0 (.0) | 51 (100) | 11 (21.6) | – | 21 (100) | 5 (15.6) | 0 (.0) | |
Type 1 | 4 | 38 | 8 | 24 | 1 | |||||||
Type 2 | 11 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 3 | |||||||
NOS | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
Other | 2 | |||||||||||
Unipolar disorder, n (%) | 37 (29.4) | 42 (40.8) | 8 (13.8) | 8 (15.7) | 5 (15.6) | 3 (5.2) | ||||||
Other disorder, n (%)c | 23 (18.3) | 19 (18.4) | 4 (6.9) | 4 (7.8) | 9 (28.1) | 8 (13.8) | ||||||
No disorder, n (%) | 53 (42.0) | 28 (27.2) | 46 (79.3) | 28 (54.9) | 13 (40.6) | 47 (81.0) | ||||||
Lithium use, current, n (%) | 4 (3.9) | – | 4 (3.9) | – | 33 (52.4) | 1 (1.7) | 37 (72.5) | 9 (17.6) | – | 17 (54.8) | 4 (12.5) | – |
Thyroid medication use, current, n (%) | 1 (.8) | – | 1 (1.0) | – | 17 (27.0) | 4 (6.9) | 7 (13.7) | 3 (5.9) | 2 (2.9) | 7 (22.5) | 3 (9.4) | 2 (3.4) |
TPO-Abs positivity, n | 11 (9) | 4 (3)e | 11 (11) | 2 (4) | 8 (12.8) | 7 (12.1) | 14 (27.5) | 11 (21.6) | 11 (16) | 10 (32.3) | 7 (21.9) | 8 (13.7) |