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Table 3 Feasibility and clinical outcome measures with treatment differences at 3 months, group mean differences and standardized effect size (standardized by the outcome score standard deviation)

From: Pilot study of a culturally adapted psychoeducation (CaPE) intervention for bipolar disorder in Pakistan

  

Baseline

3 months

Change

Adjusted mean difference†

(95% CI)#

Standardized effect size

Test statistic and p value

n

mean (sd)

n

mean (sd)

n

mean (sd)

Patient Satisfaction

TAU

16

17.6 (3.3)

11

13.2 (1.9)

11

−3.7 (4.3)

4.00

(2.28, 5.28)

1.41

z = 5.30

p < 0.001

 

CaPE

18

15.8 (2.4)

16

16.6 (3.0)

16

1.4 (2.9)

BKAQ score

TAU

16

1247 (129)

11

1188 (257)

11

−54 (271)

150

(−52, 322)

0.68

z = 1.58

p = 0.113

 

CaPE

18

1325 (201)

16

1358 (164)

16

34 (231)

MMAS-4 score

TAU

16

1.3 (1.7)

11

2.1 (1.5)

11

0.7 (1.8)

−1.22

(−2.18, −0.14)

−0.81

z = 2.37

p = 0.018

 

CaPE

18

1.7 (1.7)

16

0.9 (1.4)

16

−0.5 (1.8)

YMRS

TAU

16

6.5 (1.2)

11

10.0 (3.9)

11

3.4 (3.4)

−6.0

(−8.7, 3.7)

−1.18‡

z = 4.67

p < 0.001

 

CaPE

18

7.2 (1.5)

16

5.1 (5.0)

16

−1.9 (4.2)

BDI

TAU

16

17.8 (11.5)

11

19.6 (8.6)

11

1.3 (13.6)

−10.3

(−16.8, −4.5)

−1.17

z = 3.21

p = 0.001

 

CaPE

18

17.1 (5.3)

16

9.5 (6.3)

16

−7.1 (9.1)

EQ-5D Index (UK)

TAU

16

7.6 (2.1)

11

8.3 (1.8)

11

−0.1 (0.4)

0.24

(0.10, 0.50)

0.88

z = 2.47

p = 0.014

 

CaPE

18

7.4 (1.8)

16

6.4 (1.3)

16

0.07 (0.19)

EQ-5D VAS

TAU

16

60.6 (24.0)

11

48.6 (18.2)

11

−9.5 (29.6_

26.8

(12.2, 41.8)

1.14

z = 3.65

p < 0.001

 

CaPE

18

56.8 (26.7)

16

75.6 (20.6)

16

16.7 (29.6)

  1. BKAQ Bipolar Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire, MMAS-4 measure of medication adherence, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, BDI Beck’s Depression Inventory, EQ-5D EuroQol-5 dimensions; Index and Visual Analogue Scale