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Table 1 Summary of the cognitive remediation modules

From: Cognitive remediation for bipolar patients with objective cognitive impairment: a naturalistic study

Module

Target domain

Description of contents

I

Introduction in cognitive skills and learning style (1 session)

Explanation of the aims of the CR program and collection what are the expectations of the patients, to increase the intrinsic motivation and engagement of the patients

Introduction and demonstration of the software

Psychoeducation about cognitive functions (what cognitive skill is needed for a certain task) and identification of individual learning strengths/weaknesses and learning style (e.g. time factor, sensory style, organization of learning material, social component) of the patients

II

Attention (2 sessions)

Discussion of the differences between attention and concentration

Patients are familiarized with the concept of mindfulness as possibility to build sustained attention, and a first exercise is performed

Working out possibilities to reduce the level of distraction in daily life

III

Memory (2 sessions)

A theoretical model of learning and memory is explained

Teaching of mnemonic techniques and simple encoding and compensatory strategies

Assisting in the use of environmental aids (e.g. notes, checklists, electronic support)

IV

Problem solving and planning (4 sessions)

Strategies for being organized, time management and planning in daily life are introduced

Discussion, how information can be gathered, organized and contrasted

Strategy for problem solving (concept of D’Zurilla and Goldfried)

Patients work at several exercises (e.g. complex logical problems) and are asked to verbalize the steps for successful solution (e.g. how to break down a task down into manageable parts)

V

Communication (2 sessions)

Discussion of how the social-emotional context affects cognitive functioning

Promoting optimal conditions to be concentrated in the interaction with others

Skills for social interaction, practical exercises (role play)

Strategies to handle trouble finding words.

VI

Healthy living (1 session)

Talking about the importance of good sleep, healthy living (e.g. nutrition, alcohol) and physical exercise for mental abilities

Summary of the learned strategy and transfer of the acquired cognitive skills to everyday life

Encouraging patients to train their brain in future by challenges of daily life (e.g. reading newspaper regularly, to go without a shopping list)