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International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 4 Changes of the neuropsychological test performance (pre–post) of the bipolar training group compared to the bipolar control group

From: Cognitive remediation for bipolar patients with objective cognitive impairment: a naturalistic study

 

BP (training) N = 16

BP (controls)

N = 10

2 × 2 ANOVA

Post Hoc Wilcoxon-U test

 

Time (df = 1, 22)

Group (df = 1, 22)

Time*group (df = 1, 22)

 

Cognitive domain

Pre M (SD)

PostM (SD)

Pre M (SD)

Post M (SD)

F

p

F

p

F

p

(Change pre vs. post)

Psychomotor speed

 Stroop compatible words (RT)

833 (113)

797 (124)

803 (112)

780 (91)

2.77

.110

.28

.602

.13

.718

BPT–, BPC–

 Stroop compatible Colours (RT)

766 (97)

753 (123)

766 (101)

767 (102)

.02

.883

.01

.921

.24

.629

BPT–, BPC–

Attention

 Divided attention (omissions)

3.6 (5)

2.1 (2.4)

3.3 (2.5)

2.7 (2.3)

3.52

.073

.02

.904

.59

.448

BPT↑, BPC–

Memory

 CVLT (total verbal learning)

51.9 (8.6)

58 (10.7)

55.6 (6.5)

62.2 (9.1)

15.39

.001**

1.19

.286

.03

.863

BPT–, BPC–

 CVLT (immediate recall)

11.7 (1.8)

12.4 (2.3)

11.8 (2.6)

13.1 (2)

3.96

.059

.25

.624

.32

.579

BPT–, BPC–

CVLT (delayed recall)

11.7 (2.1)

13.4 (2.1)

11.4 (3.1)

13.3 (2.1)

10.7

.003**

.09

.760

.01

.911

BPT↑, BPC–

Executive functions

 Working memory (omissions)

3.1 (2.1)

1.7 (1.7)

4.4 (1.8)

4.2 (1.7)

3.38

.079

9.73

.005**

1.95

.176

BPT↑, BPC–

 Cognitive flexibility (errors)

2.1 (2.6)

.9 (1.1)

1.8 (1.7)

1.9 (1.2)

1.50

.233

.43

.521

2.09

.161

BPT–, BPC–

 Stroop incompatible (reading)

109 (88)

132 (92)

199 (111)

165 (78)

.11

.747

3.13

.090

2.83

.106

BPT–, BPC–

 Stroop incompatible (naming)

188 (207)

248 (234)

122 (94)

111 (124)

1.18

.290

1.78

.195

2.47

.130

BPT–, BPC–

Tower of London (problem solving)

6.4 (1.9)

8.4 (3.1)

5.9 (2)

5.4 (2.7)

1.38

.252

5.10

.034*

3.32

.082

BPT↑, BPC–

  1. BP bipolar patients, BP T  training group, BP C  control group, ↑ improvement from pre- to post-measurement, – no change in performance from pre- to post-measurement, CVLT California verbal learning test, RT reaction time (ms)
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
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