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Table 2 Neuropsychological tests’ scores from bipolar patients with MPP, DPP, and IPP specifiers, and HC

From: Cognitive impairments and predominant polarity in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study

Neuropsychological tests

MPP

(n = 17)

DPP

(n = 22)

IPP

(n = 16)

HC

(n = 31)

p value

Memory for scenes

 Immediate recall

32.38 (11.17)

35.45 (11.10)

30.13 (11.65)

37.65 (10.99)

0.104

 Latent recall

30.25 (11.41)

34.50 (12.31)

30.50 (12.13)

37.06 (12.28)

0.138

List of words

 List A

27.00 (5.83)a

29.36 (6.79)

27.25 (6.99)a

32.26 (5.58)

0.014

 List B

5.81 (2.45)a

7.05 (2.28)

5.50 (2.42)a

8.00 (2.50)

0.002

 Number of trials

4.19 (1.04)

4.59 (1.59)

3.88 (1.50)

4.90 (1.60)

0.135

Logical Memory I and II

 Immediate recall

20.69 (5.91)

22.45 (6.83)

22.75 (5.89)

23.48 (7.47)

0.766

 Total recall

32.63 (9.80)

36.91 (10.47)

36.88 (9.08)

38.13 (11.24)

0.503

 Delayed Memory

16.94 (5.78)a,b

22.41 (7.72)

20.75 (6.28)

23.55 (8.52)

0.025

 Recognition Memory

23.94 (3.06)

24.45 (3.61)

24.19 (4.62)

24.45 (3.77)

0.766

Stroop Color–Word Test

 Stroop Test, Card 1

23.60 (34.36)

15.86 (3.88)

15.25 (4.02)

12.84 (2.69)

0.120

 Stroop Test, Card 2

23.67 (16.45)

19.50 (6.41)

18.31 (5.13)

16.45 (3.84)

0.073

 Stroop Test, Card 3

29.80 (7.89)

26.23 (9.211)

33.31 (11.31)

26.84 (8.92)

0.090

Trail Making Test

 Trail A

44.25 (21.03)a,c

35.05 (12.24)

33.25 (12.65)

32.13 (10.12)

0.011

 Trail B

102.60 (40.96)

82.14 (30.17)

95.69 (40.95)

78.71 (32.03)

0.080

 Errors trail A

0.07 (0.26)

0.09 (0.29)

0 (0)

0.13 (0.43)

0.689

 Errors trail B

0.80 (1.42)

0.50 (1.10)

0.75 (1.48)

0.97 (1.88)

0.971

 Verbal Fluency Test—FAS

 Verbal Fluency

28.25 (9.50)a,b

35.14 (7.65)a

30.88 (5.11)a

38.74 (7.52)

<0.001

Rey complex figure

 Adequate representation

31.91 (4.39)

33.16 (3.19)

32.00 (3.52)

33.21 (2.92)

0.483

 Adequate planning

9.50 (7.14)

12.13 (5.77)

12.50 (10.28)

0.588

  1. Results expressed as mean (SD)—one-way ANCOVA
  2. MPP mania predominant polarity; DPP depressive predominant polarity; IPP indefinite predominant polarity; Control healthy subjects
  3. Post hoc: a compared to HC; b compared to DPP; c compared to IPP; p < 0.05
  4. The significance for the italic values are for p < 0.05