Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample
From: 1H-NMR, 1H-NMR T2-edited, and 2D-NMR in bipolar disorder metabolic profiling
Healthy controls (n = 50) | BD (n = 26) | Test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
U or X 2 | p value | |||
Age in years; mean (SD) | 35.69 (13.03) | 40.38 (12.66) | 187.000 | 0.261 |
Sex female; N(%) | 17 (34) | 17 (65) | 5.114 | 0.023 |
Ethnicitycaucasian; N(%) | 18 (36) | 14 (53) | 0.391 | 0.531 |
Years of education; mean (SD) | 12.1 (3.8) | 12.4 (3.6) | 181.500 | 0.865 |
BMI in kg/m2; mean (SD) | 26.2 (4.43) | 28.06 (7.58) | 170.500 | 0.507 |
Hours of physical exercise per week; mean (SD) | 1.88 (2.44) | 2 (2.93) | 176.500 | 0.949 |
Current smoking; N(%) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (23.5) | 1.084 | 0.297 |
Young mania rating scale; mean (SD) | 0.5 (1.06) | 0.7 (1.35) | 208.500 | 0.661 |
Hamilton depression rating scale; mean (SD) | 1.53 (1.96) | 3.23 (3.84) | 167.500 | 0.167 |
General functioning assessment (symptoms); mean (SD) | 88.84 (6.97) | 80 (10.15) | 109.500 | 0.004 |
General functioning assessment (functioning); mean (SD) | 87.69 (4.52) | 75.88 (16.12) | 127.000 | 0.011 |
Age at onset in years; mean (SD) | – | 24.83 (9.83) | – | – |
Duration of illness in years; mean (SD) | – | 15.44 (12.69) | – | – |
Number of total mood episodes; mean (SD) | – | 9.05 (9.52) | – | – |
Number of past manic episodes; mean (SD) | – | 3.38 (3.82) | – | – |
Number of past hypomanic episodes; mean (SD) | – | 1.61 (4.11) | – | – |
Number of past depressive episodes; mean (SD) | – | 4.05 (5.47) | – | – |
Number of past mixed episodes; mean (SD) | – | 0 (0) | – | – |
Age of diagnosis; mean (SD) | – | 31.16 (11.11) | – | – |
Age of first use of psychiatric medication; mean (SD) | – | 26.55 (10.03) | – | – |
Age of first use of mood stabilizer; mean (SD) | – | 31.58 (11.78) | – | – |