Table 1 Reports on renal effects of lithium treatment

Hullin et al. (1979)

30

30

55

6.2

No difference in eGFR

Depaulo et al. (1981)

99

0

41

2.8

Creatinine increased with Li

Bendz (1985)

32

32

49

5.7

No difference in eGFR

Bendz et al. (1996)

13

13

59

18.0

eGFR fell with Li

Coşkunol et al. (1997)

107

29

39

4.5

No difference in eGFR

Turan et al. (2002)

10

10

35

1.3 and 6.7

eGFR fell with long-term Li

Bendz et al. (2010)

3369

Genl. pop.

65

23.0

ESRD 6.5-fold more often with Li

Rybakowski et al. (2012)

80

0

60

16.0

eGFR < 60: 22.5%; 2.4-times more in men

Bocchetta et al. (2013)

139

70

54

>1.0

eGFR < 60: 4.8-fold more often with Li

Minay et al. (2013)

330

659

48

–

eGFR < 60: similar with/without Li

Aiff et al. (2014)

1995

0

66

27.0

ESRD 7.8-fold more often with Li

Aprahamian et al. (2014)

32

27

74

4.0

No difference in renal function

Close et al. (2014)

2496

3864

49

–

eGFR < 60: 3.25-times less with Li

Aiff et al. (2015)

630

0

66

≥10.0

eGFR < 60: 32%; ESRD: 4.5-fold more with Li

Bocchetta et al. (2015)

1953

0

–

10 and 25

eGFR < 50: 12% in 10, 50% in 25 yrs of Li

Clos et al. (2015)

305

815

43

4.6

No difference in eGFR

Shine et al. (2015)

4678

689,228

52

≤28.0

eGFR < 60: 1.21-fold more often with Li

Castro et al. (2016)

3850

0

54

1.4

eGFR < 60: 25.7% lower with multiple doses/day

Hayes et al. (2016)

2148

4523

46

18

eGFR < 60: ~twofold higher HR with Li

Kessing et al. (2015)

Natl. sample

0

–

–

Clinical CKD 3.6-times more with Li

N = 20 studies

>22,296

>699,300

53.1 ± 10.5

10.9 ± 8.9

Function decreased in 15/20 reports (75.0%)