Childhood maltreatment and the medical morbidity in bipolar disorder: a case–control study

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Main and interaction effects of bipolar disorder diagnosis and childhood maltreatment on the diagnoses of medical illnesses

	Adjusted OR^a	95% confidence intervals		p value
	Adjusted OR^a	Lower	Upper	p value
At least one medical illness
Main effects
Bipolar disorder diagnosis	3.80	2.13	6.77	<0.001
Childhood maltreatment^b	2.05	1.24	3.40	0.006
Child abuse^c	2.14	1.23	3.70	0.007
Child neglect^d	2.24	1.18	4.24	0.013
Interaction effects
Bipolar disorder × childhood maltreatment	6.43	1.70	24.31	0.006
Bipolar disorder × abuse	6.31	1.46	27.24	0.014
Bipolar disorder × neglect	4.32	0.96	19.47	0.057
Number of medical illnesses
Main effects
Bipolar disorder diagnosis	4.81	2.71	8.53	<0.001
Childhood maltreatment	1.59	1.05	2.40	0.028
Child abuse	1.78	1.11	2.85	0.016
Child neglect	1.89	1.14	3.13	0.014
Interaction effects
Bipolar disorder × childhood maltreatment	4.97	1.39	17.76	0.014
Bipolar disorder × abuse	5.23	1.32	20.75	0.019
Bipolar disorder × neglect	3.30	0.89	12.22	0.075

Significant p values are italicised
OR odds ratio derived from binary logistic regression for ‘at least one medical illness’ and from ordinal logistic regression for ‘number of medical illnesses’, P probability due to chance
^aAdjusted for the effects of gender and age
^bChildhood maltreatment was considered present if any type of child abuse or neglect were rated as moderate or severe
^cChild abuse was considered present if any form of child abuse was rated as moderate or severe
^dChild neglect was considered present if physical or emotional neglect was rated as moderate or severe