Table 1 An overview of prospective bipolar offspring studies: study characteristics and psychopathology outcomes

Duffy et al. (1998, 2014)

Canada

Dynamic^a

Up to 16 (mean 6.3)

Annually

9

113

45% BDI

43% BDII

12% RMDD^d

52

Outpatient specialty clinics; lithium responders and non-responders

229

22.6 (7–25)

K-SADS-PL; SADS-L

22% BDI, II, NOS, SCZBD (0%)

32% MDD (3%)

20% adjustment (41%)

9% minor mood (2%)

23% anxiety (12%)

30% SUD (16%)

11% neuro dev (6%)

2% DBD (0%)

84% index episode depressive

Mean onset 16 ± 4 years

Latency 4 years to hypo/mania

Mean onset hypo/mania 20 years

0 pre-pubertal hypo/mania

Antecedent anxiety predicted 2.5-fold-risk major mood disorder

Wals et al. (2001); Mesman et al. (2013)

The Nether-lands

Fixed^b

12

Baseline, 1–5, 12-years (4)

23

93

75% BDI

25% BDII

60

72% patient association 28% outpatient clinic

108

28.0 (22–33)

K-SADS-PL; SCID

12% BDI, II, SCZBD

17% MDD

4% adjustment

29% minor mood

25% anxiety

23% SUD

5% ADHD, 7% DBD

88% index episode depressive

Mean onset 15 ± 5 years

Latency 5 years to hypo/mania

Median onset hypomania 17 years

Median onset mania 20 years

0 pre-pubertal hypo/mania

Egeland et al. (2003, 2012)

USA

Fixed

16

Annually (16)

0

15

100% BDI

43

Genetic linkage research; Amish community

115

59% within ‘window of risk’ period (13–29)

CARE - interview

7% BDI (1%), 39% Risk rating (16%)

Median onset hypo/mania 18 years

0 pre-pubertal hypo/mania

All preceded by anxiety/dep

0 evidence of SMD in childhood

0 DBD, ADHD, irritability

Episodic childhood internalizing-symptoms

Shift in adolescence to externalizing-symptoms

Birmaher et al. (2009); Axelson et al. (2015)

USA

Fixed

Mean 6.8

Mean 2.5 years (mean# interviews 2.7)

9

236

72% BDI

28% BDII

81

53% advertisement 31% adult BD studies

16% outpatient clinics

356

18.1 (± 4.8)

K-SADS-PL; SCID

8% BD (1%), 11% BDNOS (1%)

19% MDD (14%), 10% Dep NOS (7%)

40% anxiety (22%)

20% SUD (10%)

31% ADHD (18%), 27% DBD (15%)

35% ODD/CD (19%)

Mean onset hypo/mania 13 years

Mean onset MDD 14 years

33% index hypo/mania < 10 years

53% onset hypo/mania < 12 years

Nurnberger et al. (2011)

USA

Fixed

2–3

Baseline, 1–2-years (3)

No info

88 proband^c

88.5% BDI

7% BDII

4.5% SCZBD

No info

Outpatient clinic; research studies

141

17 (12–21 baseline)

K-SADS-BP; 65% by telephone

9% BDI, II, NOS (0%)

16% MDD (4%)

18% SUD (9%)

8% ADHD (6%), 11% DBD (8%)

Median onset hypomania 16 years

Median onset mania 13 years

5% of BD had onset ≤ 12 years

Antecedent anxiety predicted a 2.5-fold-risk major mood disorder

Antecedent externalising disorders predicted 3.5-fold-risk major mood disorder

Vandeleur et al. (2014); Preisig et al. (2016)

Switzer-land

Dynamic

Mean 10.6

Every 3 years (mean # interviews 3.3)

33

81

65.5% BDI

12.5% BDII

22% SCZBD

58

Inpatient and outpatient clinics

145

21.1 (16–28)

K-SADS-E

12% BDI, II (4%)

17% BPS (5%)

37% MDD (38%)

44% anxiety (38%)

28% SUD (19%)

17% ADHD (13%)

15% ODD (13%)

Mean onset hypo/mania 16 years (median = 15 years)

Mean onset MDD 13 years (median = 13 years)

61% index episode depressive

19.4% onset hypo/mania < 12 years