Cognitive functioning following stabilisation from first episode mania

Daglas, Rothanthi; Allott, Kelly; Yücel, Murat; Henry, Lisa P.; Macneil, Craig A.; Hasty, Melissa K.; Berk, Michael; Cotton, Sue M.

doi:10.1186/s40345-017-0108-2

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Cognitive functioning in participants following FEM relative to healthy controls

From: Cognitive functioning following stabilisation from first episode mania

	FEM	HC	Test statistic	Value	df	p value	Effect size
	Median (min–max)	Median (min–max)	Test statistic	Value	df	p value	Effect size
Intelligence (WASI)^a
Verbal IQ	102 (63–128)	109 (96–130)	M–W	297.5	61	.084	0.22
Performance IQ	104 (75–128)	115 (90–129)	M–W	280	61	.046	0.26
Full-scale IQ	107 (70–128)	113 (98–126)	M–W	250.5	61	.014	0.31
Processing speed
Trail Making Test-A^a	31 (19–72)	22 (13–41)	M–W	120.5	61	< .001	0.57
Digit symbol coding^a	73 (30–106)	80 (60–125)	M–W	207	61	.002	0.4
Go/No-Go^b, go reaction time	294.96 (238.13–424.11)	304.91 (258.77–387.96)	M–W	355	60	.480	0.09
Cogstate^c, detection reaction time	2.44 (2.32–2.69)	2.43 (2.36–2.59)	M–W	362	58	.668	0.06
Attention
Digit Span forward^a	8 (4–12)	10 (5–12)	M–W	370	61	.532	0.08
Go/No-Go^b, go misses	0 (0–8)	0 (0–6)	M–W	382	60	.753	0.04
Stroop^d, congruent errors	2.5 (0–15)	2 (0–13)	M–W	374.5	58	.928	0.01
Cogstate^c, identification reaction time	2.66 (2.55–2.91)	2.66 (2.54–2.80)	M–W	345.5	58	.487	0.09
Sustained attention^e
ANT, alerting reaction time	44.61 (− 99.46 to 162.3)	38.56 (− 21.45 to 97.28)	M–W	373	59	.785	0.04
ANT, orienting reaction time	164.15 (13.67–316.42)	159.54 (15.70–232.76)	M–W	364	59	.677	0.05
ANT, executive control reaction time	226.74 (6.37–794.91)	189.81 (84.25–273.07)	M–W	281	59	.081	0.23
ANT, no cue errors	1 (0–5)	1 (0–3)	M–W	358	59	.593	0.07
ANT, spatial cue errors	1 (0–5)	1 (0–2)	M–W	335.5	59	.351	0.12
ANT, double cue errors	1 (0–5)	1 (0–10)	M–W	378.5	59	.850	0.02
ANT, congruent errors	0 (0–2)	0 (0–3)	M–W	329.5	59	.248	0.15
ANT, incongruent errors	3 (0–9)	2.5 (0–13)	M–W	341.5	59	.432	0.1
Verbal learning and memory^a
Rey auditory verbal learning test^e—trial 1	6 (3–12)	7.5 (4–12)	M–W	215	61	.002	0.39
Rey auditory verbal learning test^e—trials 1–5	52 (26–66)	59.50 (42–71)	M–W	170.5	61	< .001	0.47
Rey auditory verbal learning test^e—delayed recall	11 (3–15)	14 (10–15)	M–W	174	61	< .001	0.47
Non-verbal learning and memory
Cogstate, one-card learning^f	1.01 (0.26–1.22)	1.03 (0.82–1.12)	M–W	339.5	57	.609	0.07
Cogstate, Groton Maze Learning Test, delayed, errors^g	6 (0–24)	4 (0–11)	M–W	291.5	57	.187	0.17
Working memory
Digit Span backward^a	4 (1–10)	7 (3–12)	M–W	186.5	61	.001	0.44
Verbal fluency^a
FAS	37 (17–59)	43 (17–58)	M–W	309.5	61	.122	0.2
Animal category	21 (11–32)	23 (16–27)	M–W	280	61	.045	0.26
Executive functions
Trail Making Test-B^h	75 (31–215)	51 (30–116)	M–W	207	60	.004	0.37
Go/No-Go^b, no-go false alarms	9.5 (2–21)	6.5 (1–16)	M–W	282	60	.063	0.24
Stroop effect^d, reaction time	360.02 (97.20–603.79)	380.58 (115.75–618.27)	M–W	364	58	.794	0.03
Stroop^d, incongruent errors	7 (1–26)	6 (3–24)	M–W	378	58	.974	< 0.01
Cogstate^c, Groton Maze Learning Test, errors	54 (23.00–142.00)	51.00 (32.00–115.00)	M–W	347	58	.502	0.09

FEM first episode mania, HC healthy controls, ANT attention network test, M–W Mann–Whitney U test
ANT, alerting reaction time = no cue reaction time − double cue reaction time
ANT, orienting reaction time = double cue reaction time − spatial cue reaction time
ANT, executive control reaction time = incongruent trials reaction time − congruent trials reaction time
ANT, no cue errors = total errors for the no cue conditions
ANT, spatial cue errors = total errors for the spatial cue conditions
ANT, double cue errors = total errors for the double cue conditions
ANT, congruent errors = total errors for the congruent trials
ANT, incongruent errors = total errors for the incongruent trials
Stroop effect = incongruent condition reaction time − congruent condition reaction time
Stroop, congruent errors = total errors for the congruent trials
Stroop, incongruent errors = total errors for the incongruent trials
Go/No-Go, go reaction time = reaction time for go responses
Go/No-Go, no-go false alarms = sum of false responses to no-go stimulus
Go/No-Go, go misses = sum of missed responses to go stimulus
^aMissing data (HC, n = 1)
^bMissing data (FEM, n = 1; HC, n = 1)
^cMissing data (FEM, n = 5)
^dMissing data (FEM, n = 3; HC, n = 1)
^eMissing data (FEM, n = 2; HC, n = 1)
^fMissing data (FEM, n = 4; HC, n = 1)
^gMissing data (FEM, n = 5; HC, n = 1)
^hMissing data (HC, n = 2)

Back to article page