Executive functioning but not IQ or illness severity predicts occupational status in bipolar disorder

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Demographic, clinical, functional, and pharmacological variables

	Active (n = 86)	Inactive (n = 34)	Statistics F	p-value
Demographics, mean (SD)
Age, years	35.3 (10.8)	40.0 (13.5)	4.01	0.048
Clinical features, mean (SD)
Age at onset, years	16.2 (3.8)	16.4 (4.6)	0.07	0.793
Age at first therapy, years	26.7 (8.0)	24.6 (10.7)	1.14	0.288
Total number of manic episodes	2.0 (3.6)	2.4 (3.1)	0.35	0.556
Total number of depressive episodes	9.2 (14.0)	13.3 (15.1)	2.03	0.157
MADRS score	3.4 (3.2)	4.0 (3.8)	0.54	0.463
YMRS score	1.7 (2.4)	2.1 (3.0)	0.50	0.483
GAF symptom score	69.7 (9.7)	63.1 (9.0)	11.54	0.001
GAF function score	69.7 (9.7)	63.9 (9.5)	8.63	0.004
CGI (total)	4.5 (0.9)	4.6 (1.2)	0.41	0.524
Sheehan disability scale^a, mean (SD)
Work/school	4.2 (3.4)	7.1 (3.4)	14.41	< 0.001
Social life	3.6 (3.2)	5.6 (2.7)	7.71	0.007
Family life/home responsibilities	2.6 (2.9)	5.2 (2.3)	17.80	< 0.001

	Active (n = 86)	Inactive (n = 34)	χ²	p-value
Sex, no. (%)			0.57	0.451
Female	52 (60.5)	18 (52.9)
Male	34 (39.5)	16 (47.1)
Diagnosis, no. (%)			1.09	0.297
Bipolar I disorder	54 (63.5)	25 (73.5)
Bipolar II disorder	31 (36.5)	9 (26.5)
University studies	52 (61.2)	15 (44.1)	2.87	0.090
Comorbidity, no. (%)
ADHD	11 (15.7)	6 (22.2)	0.57	0.450
Anxiety disorder^b	15 (17.4)	10 (29.4)	2.12	0.146
Clinical features, no. (%)
Lifetime history of psychotic symptoms	43 (50.6)	24 (70.6)	3.95	0.047
History of involuntary psychiatric care	38 (44.7)	22 (64.7)	3.87	0.049
History of alcohol abuse	16 (19.5)	9 (26.5)	0.69	0.407
History of substance abuse	9 (10.8)	6 (18.2)	1.13	1.129
Type of current medication, no. (%)
Lithium	53 (61.6)	20 (58.8)	0.08	0.777
Antidepressants	32 (37.2)	15 (44.1)	0.49	0.485
Anticonvulsants	24 (27.9)	15 (44.1)	2.92	0.088
Antipsychotics	23 (26.7)	9 (26.5)	0.00	0.976
Central stimulants	2 (2.3)	3 (8.8)	2.58	0.108
Benzodiazepines	17 (19.8)	15 (44.1)	7.39	0.007

MADRS Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, YMRS Young Ziegler Mania Rating Scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, CGI Clinical Global Impression Rating Scale
^aSheehan Disability Scale is a self-report scale in which patients rate to what extent their functioning in three different life areas is impaired by psychiatric symptomatology (0 = not at all, 1–3 = mildly, 4–6 = moderately, 7–9 = markedly, 10 = extremely)
^bAnxiety disorders include the following DSM-IV diagnoses: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder