Sleep and physical activity in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder in remission, their first-degree unaffected relatives and healthy controls

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), unaffected relatives (UR) and healthy controls (HC)

	BD¹	UR²	HC³	p-value
Total PSQI	8 [5–11]	5 [3–7]	4 [3–6]	< 0.001^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.115^2–3
Duration of sleep (4)	0.0 [0–1]	0.0 [0–1]	0.0 [0–1]	0.803^1–2 0.045^1–3 0.089^2–3
Sleep disturbances (5b − 5j)	1.0 [1–2]	1.0 [1–1]	1.0 [1–1]	< 0.001^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.332^2–3
Sleep latency (2 + 5a)	2.0 [1–3]	1.0 [1–2]	1.0 [0–1]	0.007^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.022^2–3
Day dysfunction due to sleepiness (8 + 9)	1.0 [1–2]	1.0 [0–1]	1.0 [1–1]	< 0.001^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.364^2–3
Sleep efficiency	0.0 [0–1]	0.0 [0–1]	0.0 [0–1]	0.012^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.126^2–3
Overall sleep quality (6)	1.0 [1–2]	1.0 [0–1.5]	1.0 [0–1]	0.003^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.078^2–3
Needs meds to sleep (7)	1.0 [0–3]	0.0 [0–0]	0.0 [0–0]	< 0.001^1–2 < 0.001^1–3 0.730^2–3

PSQI item number is shown in parenthesis. Higher scores equal worse outcome. p-values are denoted as the group between which the comparison is made and calculated based on mean values, using a linear mixed model. Results written as median [interquartile range]. All analyses are adjusted for age and sex
¹Patients with bipolar disorder (BD)
²Unaffected first-degree relatives (UR)
³Healthy control persons (HR)