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Table 2 Descriptive statistics for FFMQ and DERS by diagnostic group

From: A pilot investigation of emotional regulation difficulties and mindfulness-based strategies in manic and remitted bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder

 

BD-remitted (n = 32)

BD-manic (n = 19)

MDD-remitted (n = 32)

CTL (n = 30)

Main effect of group

FFMQ

 Non-reactivity

20.72 (4.33)a

19.63 (4.68)b

21.28 (5.13)c

24.23 (3.99) a,b,c

F(3, 109) = 4.99, p = .003

 Observing

25.53 (7.00)

26.89 (9.00)

26.75 (7.53)

26.80 (13.72)

F(3, 109) = .35, p = .788

 Acting with awareness

22.13 (5.89)a

20.12 (5.77)b,f

23.19 (5.58)c,f

30.00 (3.92)a,b,c

F(3, 109) = 17.63, p < .001

 Describing

28.31 (6.78)a

27.95 (7.86)b

29.19 (5.57)c

33.53 (4.70)a,b,c

F(3, 109) = 4.96, p = .003

 Non-Judging

27.84 (8.77)a

25.79 (8.16)b

28.90 (5.99)c

33.83 (5.49)a,b,c

F(3, 107) = 5.98, p = .001

DERS

 Non-acceptance

13.25 (5.25)a

14.67 (7.34)b

13.09 (4.90)c

9.90 (4.86)a,b,c

F(3, 108) = 3.54, p = .017

 Goals

15.34 (4.29)a

16.67 (5.59)b

15.53 (4.47)c

10.80 (4.21)a,b,c

F(3, 108) = 8.87, p < .001

 Impulse

12.69 (4.80)a,d

16.94 (7.22)b,d,f

12.03 (4.30)f

8.03 (2.51)a,b,c

F(3, 108) = 14.15, p < .001

 Awareness

15.03 (5.00)

14.94 (4.72)

13.66 (4.04)

12.80 (4.43)

F(3, 108) = 1.58, p = .199

 Strategies

18.66 (7.98)a

20.55 (7.09)b

18.56 (6.94)c

10.87 (3.38)a,b,c

F(3, 107) = 10.94, p < .001

 Clarity

12.00 (5.09)a

10.28 (3.78)

11.09 (2.99)c

8.87 (3.78)a,c

F(3, 108) = 3.75, p = .013

  1. BD-remitted Bipolar I disorder remitted group, BD-manic Bipolar I disorder manic group, MDD major depressive disorder remitted group, CTL healthy control group, FFMQ Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (higher scores = increased mindfulness), DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (higher scores = more difficulties in emotion regulation). Mean scores are displayed with standard deviations in parentheses. In each row, means sharing a superscript letter (a, b, c, d, or e) were significantly different in pairwise group comparisons (p < .05): aBD-remitted significantly different from CTL; bBD-manic significantly different from CTL; cMDD-remitted significantly different from CTL; dBD-remitted significantly different from BD-manic; eBD-remitted significantly different from MDD; fBD-manic significantly different from MDD-remitted