Blood pressure in bipolar disorder: evidence of elevated pulse pressure and associations between mean pressure and mood instability

McGowan, Niall M.; Nichols, Molly; Bilderbeck, Amy C.; Goodwin, Guy M.; Saunders, Kate E. A.

doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00209-x

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of sample

From: Blood pressure in bipolar disorder: evidence of elevated pulse pressure and associations between mean pressure and mood instability

	BD (n = 38)	BPD (n = 25)	HC (n = 43)	Test statistic	P	Post-hoc
Gender
Female n (%)	24 (63.2)	22 (88)	29 (67.4)	χ² = 4.881	0.087	–
Age, year ± SD	39.0 ± 13.1	34.1 ± 11.2	39.84 ± 12.9	F = 1.794	0.171	–
BMI, kg/m² ± SD	26.8 ± 4.1	27.4 ± 6.3	24.5 ± 4.3	F = 3.657	0.029	n.s
Smoker, n (%)	7 (21.9)	7 (30.4))	2 (5)	χ² = 7.818	0.022	BD > HC BPD > HC
Drinks Alcohol, n (%)	28 (77.8)	14 (58.3)	31 (72)	χ² = 2.691	0.260	–
Questionnaire assessment
QIDS, mdn ± IQR	5.5 ± 6.5	12 ± 12.5	2 ± 1.5	χ² = 50.586	< 0.001	BD > HC BPD > HC BPD > BD
ASRM, mdn ± IQR	1 ± 2	1 ± 3.5	0 ± 0	χ² = 11.663	< 0.003	BD > HC BPD > HC
Mood Zoom Items
anx RMSSD ± IQR	0.87 ± 0.54	1.39 ± 0.58	0.55 ± 0.65	χ² = 42.81	< 0.001	BD > HC BPD > HC BPD > BD
sad RMSSD ± IQR	0.72 ± 0.71	1.40 ± 0.43	0.31 ± 0.75	χ² = 41.662	< 0.001	BD > HC BPD > HC BPD > BD
elt RMSSD ± IQR	0.67 ± 0.73	1.14 ± 1.06	0.67 ± 0.88	χ² = 10.489	0.005	BPD > HC
enr RMSSD ± IQR	0.93 ± 0.70	1.22 ± 0.90	0.79 ± 0.51	χ² = 11.558	0.003	BPD > HC BPD > BD
ang RMSSD ± IQR	0.71 ± 0.58	1.24 ± 0.97	0.31 ± 0.49	χ² = 36.695	< 0.001	BD > HC BPD > HC BPD > BD
irr RMSSD ± IQR	0.91 ± 0.71	1.53 ± 1.05	0.48 ± 0.78	χ² = 39.167	< 0.001	BD > HC BPD > HC BPD > BD
Medication
Using psychotropic medication, n (%)	36 (94.7)	19 (87.3)	–	χ² = 4.775	0.029	–
Lithium	16 (42.1)	0 (0)	–	χ² = 14.11	< 0.001	–
Anticonvulsant	15 (39.5)	1 (4)	–	χ² = 10.015	0.002	–
Antipsychotic	25 (65.8)	5 (20)	–	χ² = 12.675	< 0.001	–
Antidepressant	13 (34.2)	19 (76)	–	χ² = 10.536	0.001	–
Hypnotic	3 (7.9)	1 (1.5)	–	χ² = 0.339	0.561	–
Anxiolytic	1 (2.6)	6 (24)	–	χ² = 6.971	0.008	–

F test statistic denotes univariate ANOVA result; χ² test statistic denotes chi-square test of independence (for categorical data) or Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test (comparing the medians of continuous variable). IQR interquartile range, mdn median, SD standard deviation

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