Melanopsin-mediated pupillary responses in bipolar disorder—a cross-sectional pupillometric investigation

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Pupillary outcomes in persons with bipolar disorder (BD), unaffected relatives (UR) and healthy controls (HC)

	BD (n = 31)		UR (n = 22)		p	HC (n = 35)		p	p
	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI	BD-UR	Mean	95% CI	BD-HC	UR-HC
Blue light
PIPR_late	0.31	0.27–0.35	0.34	0.29–0.39	0.29	0.35	0.31–0.39	0.20	0.87
PD_baseline (mm)	7.09	6.81–7.40	7.53	7.17–7.89	0.13	7.32	7.04–7.60	0.28	0.35
C_max	0.62	0.60–0.64	0.63	0.61–0.65	0.50	0.62	0.60–0.64	0.80	0.29
Red light
PD_baseline (mm)	7.10	6.81–7.38	7.57	7.23–7.90	0.10	7.31	7.03–7.58	0.28	0.22
C_max	0.49	0.46–0.52	0.48	0.45–0.51	0.56	0.51	0.48–0.54	0.33	0.14

	Comparisons of UR and HC with BD in current remission
	Remission (n = 9)
Blue light
PIPR_late	0.26	0.20–0.33	0.33	0.28–0.38	0.34	0.35	0.31–0.38	0.04	0.67
PD_baseline (mm)	7.04	6.49–7.61	7.53	7.17–7.89	0.38	7.32	7.04–7.60	0.38	0.36
C_max	0.60	0.56–0.64	0.63	0.61–0.65	0.15	0.62	0.60–0.64	0.36	0.35
Red light
PD_baseline (mm)	7.08	6.55–7.60	7.57	7.23–7.91	0.36	7.31	7.03–7.58	0.44	0.23
C_max	0.44	0.39–0.49	0.48	0.44–0.51	0.42	0.51	0.48–0.54	0.02	0.13

PIPR_late The mean post-illumination pupillary contraction measured at 10–30 s after stimulation, PD_baseline mean pupil diameter during the 10 s before illumination; C_max mean pupillary contraction at 3–5 s during illumination. Remission is defined as Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale < 8