Associations between the cortisol awakening response and patient-evaluated stress and mood instability in patients with bipolar disorder: an exploratory study

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Background characteristics and clinical information of study participants, N = 67

	Intervention group (n = 33)	Control group (n = 34)
Age, years	29.1 (7.5)	29.5 (9.4)
Female sex, % (n)	65.7 (22)	68.6 (23)
Clinical history
BPI diagnosis^a, % (n)	60.0 (20)	74.3 (25)
Previous psychiatric admissions, number	1 [1, 2]	1 [1, 2]
Previous depressive episodes, number	4 [2–10]	4 [2–5]
Previous manic episodes, number	3 [2–6]	2 [1–5]
HDRS-17 score during the study	8 [4–14]	8 [4–14]
YMRS score during the study	2 [0–4]	2 [0–5]
PSS score during the study	18.5 (9.0)	18.9 (9.2)
FAST score during the study	22.1 (16.7)	23.7 (16.5)
Mood measured daily using smartphones^b	− 0.32 (0.73)	–
S tress measured daily using smartphone^c	0.93 (1.1)	–

Data are mean (SD), %(n) or median [IQR] unless otherwise stated; ^aBipolar disorder type I disorder; HDRS-17 The Hamilton depression rating scale 17 items (median of 7 monthly ratings); YMRS The Young mania rating scale (median of 7seven monthly ratings); PSS Cohen’s Percieved Stress Scale (mean of 7 monthly ratings); FAST The Functioning Assessment Short Scale (mean of 7 monthly ratings); ^bMood measured daily using smartphone was evaluated on a scale from − 3 to + 3; ^cStress measured daily using smartphone was evaluated on a scale from 0 to 5