Table 2 Example studies of patients with bipolar disorder using data from IoT devices (wearable devices and ingestible sensors)
Study | IoT device | Measure | Participants | Study aim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tanaka (2018) | Wrist-worn accelerometer | Physical activity | 94 inpatients: 57 with MDD; 35 BP with depression.* | Distinguish activity patterns between adults with BP and MDD |
Faedda (2016) | Wrist-worn accelerometer | Physical activity | 155 youths: 48 with BP, 44 with ADHD; 21 with ADHD + MDD; 42 controls | Distinguish children with BP from those with ADHD and healthy controls |
McGowan (2020) | Wrist-worn accelerometer | Physical activity | 87 patients: 31 with BP; 21 with BPD; 35 healthy controls | Compare rest-activity patterns in those with BP, BPD, and healthy controls |
Merikangas (2019) | Wrist-worn accelerometer | Physical activity | 242 adults: 54 with BP; 91 with MDD; 97 healthy controls | Compare associations between activity, sleep, energy and mood in those with and without mood disorders |
RodrÃguez-Ruiz (2020) | Wrist-worn accelerometer | Physical activity | 55 patients: 23 with BP or MDD; 32 healthy controls | Compare activity in the day and night to classify depressive episodes |
Janney (2014) | Elasticized belt containing an accelerometer | Physical activity | 60 patients: 41 with BPI, 17 with BPII; 2 with BP NOS | Understand the physical activity and sedentary behavior of adults with BP |
Kappeler-Setz (2013) | Socks with sensor of skin conductance | Electrodermal activity (changes in sweat gland activity) | Eight healthy subjects; feasibility study | Use for long-term monitoring of patients with BP |
Valenza (2014) | T-shirt embedded with electrodes and sensors | ECG | Eight patients with BP | Predict mood states from heart rate variability in patients with BP |
Nardelli (2017) | T-shirt embedded with electrodes and sensors | ECG | Eight patients; six with BPI; 2 with BPII | Study of diurnal and nocturnal heartbeat dynamics in BP mood states |
Gentili (2017) | T-shirt embedded with electrodes and sensors | ECG | Eight patients with BP | Predict mood changes from heart rate dynamics in patients with BP |
Kopelowicz (2017) | Ingestible sensor in tablets | Ingestion of Abilify MyCite (aripiprazole) | 49 patients; 22 with BPI; 15 with schizophrenia; 12 with MDD | Implement a call center to facilitate adherence monitoring of patients using a digital pill system |