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Fig. 1 | International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Fig. 1

From: Evaluating endophenotypes for bipolar disorder

Fig. 1

Putative endophenotypes for bipolar disorder. Heuristic model to link the putative endophenotypes (molecular, imaging and cognitive) to distal phenotypes like BD symptoms. Major findings in endophenotype research suggest a developmental origin of BD. This figure shows as the interplay between environmental risk factors like stress and infections, and the genetic susceptibility of different systems like immune, circadian and glutamatergic systems could shape a vulnerable brain on which new stressors are added in young adulthood which favours the onset and the progression of the disorder. ACC anterior cingulate cortex, ACNA1 Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1, ANK3 Ankyrin 3, AMY amygdala, BDNF Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, CACNA1 Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1, CCL11 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11, CCL24 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 24, CXCL10 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10, CRP C-Reactive Protein, CREB CREB Binding Protein, GRM1 Glutamate Metabotropic Receptor 1, GRM7 Glutamate Metabotropic Receptor 7, GNG2 G Protein Subunit Gamma 2, HPC hippocampus, HYP hypothalamus, IL6 Interleukin 6, IL10 Interleukin 10, OPG Osteoprotegerin, PFC prefrontal cortex, TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor, ZNF804A Zinc Finger Protein 804A

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