Table 2 Studies that investigated distraction in risk groups
From: Deficits in explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Study | Age | Medication | Paradigm | Dependent variables | Results behavioral | Results neural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ladouceur et al. (2013) | Adolescents | No | Task: N-back task with emotional distractors Valence: Negative, positive Participants: HBO (n = 15) HC (n = 16) | Behavioral: Performance in n-back task Neural: fMRI, PPI Regions of interest: Amygdala, Ventral Striatum, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), DLPFC, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) PPI seed: VLPFC PPI targets: Amygdala, DLPFC | Distraction from emotional distractors: NS | During distraction from emotional distractors: Right VLPFC: happy: Risk group > HC Right VLPFC: fearful: NS PPI during distraction from emotional distractors: VLPFC – Amygdala (positive connectivity) Fearful: HC > Risk group (right amygdala) Happy: HC > Risk group (left amygdala) Neutral: HC vs. Risk group: NS Right VLPFC – left DLPFC (positive connectivity) Fearful: HC vs. Risk group: NS Happy: HC > Risk group Neutral: HC vs. Risk group: NS |
Kanske et al. (2013) | Adults | No | Task: Picture viewing task Valence: Negative, positive Participants: High HPS scores (n = 22) FDR (n = 17) HC (n = 22, n = 17) | Behavioral: Performance in the distraction task Neural: fMRI | RT (mental arithmetic task): NS | During distraction: HC vs. Risk groups: NS |
Heissler et al. (2014) | Young adults | No | Task: Picture viewing task Valence: Negative, positive Participants: High HPS scores (n = 22) HC (n = 24) | Behavioral: Self-report (during and after the task) Neural: fMRI Regions of interest: Emotions reactivity: Amygdala, subgenual ACC, VMPFC, occipital and ventral temporal cortices, thalamus Emotion regulation: OFC, DLPFC, DMPFC, dACC, parietal cortex, precuneus | Rating after the experiment: Risk group > HC Viewing condition: NS Emotion regulation: NS Performance in the mental arithmetic task: NS | Viewing: Negative vs. neutral: Right Amygdala: Risk group > HC Positive vs. neutral: NS Distraction vs. viewing: Negative: NS Positive: left inferior parietal cortex: Risk group > HC |
Kanske et al. (2015) | Adults | No | Task: Picture viewing task Valence: Negative, positive Participants: FDR (n = 17) HC (n = 17) | Behavioral: Self-report during and after the task Neural: fMRI Regions of interest: Bilateral OFC, dorsolateral (DLPFC, middle frontal) and dorsomedial prefrontal (DMPFC, superior medial), anterior cingulate (ACC), and parietal cortex (inferior, superior) | Rating after the experiment: Risk group > HC (all pictures more positive) Viewing: Positive: Risk group < HC Negative: NS Distraction: NS | Viewing: NS Distraction vs. viewing: NS |