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Table 5 Studies that investigated reappraisal in patients with a current affective episode

From: Deficits in explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review

Study

Age

Medication use

Paradigm

Dependent variables

Results behavioral

Results neural

Rive et al. (2015)

Adults

No

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative, positive

Participants:

BD-I/BD-II, currently depressed (n = 9)

BD-I/BD-II, remitted (n = 26)

HC (n = 36)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Neural:

fMRI

Regions of interest:

Amygdala, thalamus, insula, DLPFC, ACC, medial PFC, and hippocampus

ER success in depressed groups:

Happy: UDd < HC

BDd vs. HC: n.s. differences

Happy vs. sad:

BDd: happy > sad

HC: happy vs. sad: NS

Depressive state:

Reappraisal of happiness vs. reappraisal of sadness:

rACC: BDd > UDd

Morris et al. (2012)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative

Participants:

BD-I (n = 13)

(six BD patients met criteria for euthymia and five met criteria for hypomania)

HC (n = 15)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Neural:

fMRI

Regions of interest:

Amygdala, cortico-lymbic areas with activity during ER

Coupling seed:

Amygdala

Coupling targets:

Whole brain

Self-report of emotions:

HC: Increase > Maintain > Decrease

BD: Increase > Maintain

BD: Maintain v.s. Decrease: NS

Down regulation:

Right VLPFC: BD > HC

Up regulation:

Right VLPFC: BD > HC

Rostral ACC: BD > HC

Inverse coupling of left PFC (especially left IFG) and amygdala found in HC did not occur in BD

  1. ACC anterior cingulate cortex, BD bipolar disorder, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, HC healthy controls, PFC prefrontal cortex, PPI psychophysiological interaction, rACC rostral anterior cingulate cortex