Table 6 Studies that investigated reappraisal in euthymic BD patients

Kanske et al. (2015)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative, positive

Participants:

BD-I, euthymic (n = 22)

HC (N = 22)

Behavioral:

Self-report during and after the task

Neural:

fMRI, PPI

Regions of interest:

Bilateral OFC, dorsolateral (DLPFC, middle frontal) and dorsomedial prefrontal (DMPFC, superior medial), anterior cingulate (ACC), and parietal cortex (inferior, superior)

PPI seed:

Amygdala

PPI targets:

OFC, dorsolateral (DLPFC, middle frontal) and dorsomedial prefrontal (DMPFC, superior medial), anterior cingulate (ACC) and parietal cortex (inferior, superior)

Rating after the experiment:

NS

Viewing:

NS

Reappraisal:

NS

Viewing:

NS

Reappraisal vs. viewing:

Amygdala: BD-I > HC

Parahippocampal: BD-I > HC

PPI during reappraisal:

Left amygdala/right OFC

HC negative connectivity, BD-I positive connectivity

Left amygdala/ventral ACC:

HC negative connectivity, BD-I positive connectivity

Right amygdala/right OFC

HC negative connectivity, BD-I positive connectivity

Corbalán et al. (2015)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative

Participants:

BD-I, euthymic (n = 19)

HC (n = 17)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Behavioral

fMRI

Regions of interest:

Whole brain

NS

Viewing negative:

VLPFC: BD-I > HC

Reappraisal negative:

VLPFC: BD-I > HC

Reappraisal negative vs. viewing negative:

Amygdala: BD-I > HC

Townsend et al. (2013)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative

Participants:

BD-I, euthymic (n = 30)

HC (n = 26)

Neural:

fMRI

Regions of interest:

Bilateral amygdala

PPI seed:

Bilateral amygdala

PPI target:

Whole brain (and a priori VLPFC)

No affect related behavioral data was reported

Viewing negative vs. viewing neutral:

HC vs. BD-I: NS

Reappraisal Negative vs. Viewing Negative:

Amygdala: HC vs. BD-I: n.s. differences

Bilateral VLPFC: HC > BD-I

Insula: HC > BD-I

Bilateral MFG: HC > BD-I

Bilateral cingulate: HC > BD-I

pre-SMA: HC > BD-I

PPI Seed: Left amygdala

Negative Functional connectivity

Left VLPFC: HC > BD-I

Left occipital gyrus: HC > BD-I

Right posterior cingulate: HC > BD-I

PPI Seed: Right amygdala:

Negative functional connectivity

Right MFG: BD-I > HC

Zhang et al. (2018)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative

Participants:

BD patients,euthymic (n = 23), (2 currently depressed)

HC (n = 17)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Neural:

fMRI, DCM

VOI:

DLPFC, left VLPFC, and left amygdala

ER and emotion reactivity:

NS

GLM contrasts:

NS

DCM:

DLPFC to Amygdala during reappraisal: BD < HC

Gruber et al. (2014)

Adults

Yes

Task:

Film clips

Valence:

Negative, positive

Participants:

BD-I, remitted (n = 23)

HC (n = 23)

Behavioral:

Self-report, analysis of facial expression

Physiological measures:

Skin conductivity and Respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Uninstructed vs. Reappraisal:

NS

X

Kjærstad et al. (2016)

Adults

Yes

Tasks:

Social scenarios task,

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative

Participants:

BD-I, full or partial remitted (n = 9)

BD-II, full or partial remitted (n = 11)

Depression, full or partial remitted (n = 20)

HC (n = 20)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Emotion reactivity:

NS

Social Scenarios/dampen:

Negative: BD < HC

Positive: NS

Picture task/reappraisal:

NS

X

Rive et al. (2015)

Adults

No

Task:

Picture viewing task

Valence:

Negative, positive

Participants:

BD-I/BD-II, remitted (n = 26)

HC (n = 36)

Behavioral:

Self-report

Neural:

fMRI

Regions of interest:

Amygdala, thalamus, insula, DLPFC, ACC, medial PFC, and hippocampus

ER success in remitted groups across all emotions:

BDr < HC

Regulate vs. viewing across emotions:

DLPFC: NS