Table 2 The eight extra epidemiological studies reported on by Van Meter et al. (2019a)
Source Subjects | Location Year completed Criteria | Instrument Prevalence period Age | Informant Critique | Van Meter et al. (2019a) | Parry et al. (2020) – this paper | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD-I % | Undifferentiated BD-I %/BD-II % | Total Bipolar Spectrum % | BD-I % | Total Bipolar Spectrum % | |||||
Päären et al. 2014 N = 2,300 | Sweden 1991-1993 DSM-III-R | BDI-C CES-DC Attempted Suicide DICA-R-A Lifetime 16–17 years | Youth report only. Methodology does not allow for accurate community prevalence. Two stage screening with depression questionnaires followed by a diagnostic interview for hypomania. | 0.04 | - | 4.0 | 1/2,300 = 0.04% fulfilled criteria for a manic episode. | Hypomania spectrum: 90/2,300 = 3.9%; (full 1.7%, brief 0.8%, sub-syndromal 1.4%). Total bipolar spectrum = 3.94% | |
Adult follow-up 15 years later: Sole adolescent BD-I case not reported. 2/64 (3%) adolescent hypomania spectrum developed mania/adult BD-I. 3/130(2%) adolescent MDD developed mania/adult BD-I. | Adult follow-up 15 years later: 4/64 (6%) adolescent hypomania spectrum had hypomania/BD-II in adulthood. Total bipolar spectrum = 9% of this cohort. 13/130 (10%) adolescent MDD had hypomania/BD-II in adulthood. Total bipolar spectrum = 12% of this cohort. | ||||||||
Tijssen et al. 2010 N = 1,395 or 705 | Germany 1994 Follow-up 1996, 2002 DSM-IV | DIA-X/M-CIDI Lifetime 14–17 years | Youth report only. 37 cases in 1,395 identified as at least 4 days hypomanic/manic lifetime symptoms, but these excluded from follow-up cohort of 705, as study focused on development of new symptoms. | - | 2.7 | 14.3 | Not defined | 37/1,395 = 2.65% | |
8-year follow-up of cohort of 705 adolescents excluding 37 original total bipolar spectrum subjects: No further episodes hypomania/mania emerged, many manic and depressive symptoms, authors don't define cases. | |||||||||
Roberts et al. 2007 N = 4,175 | Texas, USA 2000 DSM-IV | DISC-IV 12 mth 11–17 years | Youth report only for diagnosis. Divided results according to whether impairment criteria of DISC-IV or CGAS were applied or not. | 0.4 | 1.2 | - | 0.39 (with/out impairment) 0.31 (DISC impairment) 0.22 (CGAS impairment) | 1.2 (with/out impairment) 0.31 (DISC impairment) 0.31 (CGAS impairment) | |
Kozloff et al. 2010 N = 5,673 | Canada 2002 DSM-IV | CIDI Lifetime 15–24 years | Youth report only. Diagnoses on DSM-IV criteria but more liberal duration criteria of “several days or longer”. | 2.0 | - | - | Not defined | All ages 15–24 years 15–18 years 19–24 years | 3.0 |
2.1 | |||||||||
3.8 | |||||||||
Anselmi et al. 2009 N = 4,452 | Brazil 2005-2006 DSM-IV/ ICD-10 | DAWBA [Estimated prevalence reads as cases in diagnostic phase. Formula in stats section] 11–12 years | Child plus mother informants combined with psychiatrist adjudication where discrepant. | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | |
Pan et al. 2014 N = original sample = 9,937; final sample = 1554 high-risk + 958 random-selection = 2512 | Brazil 2009 screening 2010-2011 DSM-IV | DAWBA Lifetime 6–12 years Parents of 9937 6–12-year-old children interviewed Family History Survey. A sample of 2512 random + high-risk children selected for parent interview DAWBA. | Parent/caregiver only informant. ‘Exuberant’ hypomanic symptoms not associated with impairment or psychopathology. ‘Under-control’ hypomanic symptoms overlap with ADHD and ODD/ CD. | - | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 (BD-I/ BD-II) 0.2a | 1.8 1.4a | |
Vizard et al. 2018 N = 9,117 | England 2017 ICD-10 | DAWBA Lifetime 2–19 years | 2–4-year-old (parent) 5–10-year-old (parent + teacher) 11–16-year-old (parent + youth + teacher) 17–19-year-old (parent + youth) | 0.1 | - | - | Not definedb | 0.0 (5–16-year-olds) 0.1 (17–19-year-olds) NB by age/gender the two groups with cases were 11–16-year-old boys (0.1%)c and 17–19-year-old girls (0.3%) | |
Karacetin et al. 2018 N = 5,842 | Turkey | K-SADS-PL Lifetime 2014–2015 Turkish school year 7–10 years | Parent only | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |