Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of help-seeking adolescents and young adults completing the diagnostic process with vs without BD at-risk/manifest BD status (N = 582)
|  | Not at-risk for and no manifest mania/ Bipolar Disorder (N = 433) | At-risk for or manifest mania/ Bipolar Disorder (N = 149) | Group differences | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | M | SD | M | SD | t | Â |
Age | 24.9 | 6.4 | 24.1 | 4.6 | 1.336 | 0.182 |
| Â | N | % | N | % | Chi2 | |
Sex | Â | |||||
 Female | 194 | 44.9 | 85 | 57.0 | 6.541 | 0.011 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Studies not finished (yet) | 41 | 10.9 | 9 | 7.1 | 13.663 | 0.008 |
 9th or 10th grade | 142 | 37.8 | 37 | 29.4 |  |  |
 a-level | 141 | 37.5 | 70 | 55.6 |  |  |
 University level | 41 | 10.9 | 9 | 7.1 |  |  |
 No educational degree | 11 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.8 |  |  |
First contact to the health care system for present symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 General practitioner or specialist physician | 99 | 37.1 | 42 | 45.2 | 3.607 | 0.307 |
 Counselling center | 46 | 17.2 | 17 | 18.3 |  |  |
 Early Recognition Center | 117 | 43.8 | 31 | 33.3 |  |  |
 Other | 5 | 1.9 | 3 | 3.2 |  |  |
Substance use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Nicotine usea | 138 | 35.6 | 64 | 45.4 | 4.228 | 0.040 |
 Alcohola | 95 | 24.7 | 49 | 34.8 | 5.271 | 0.022 |
 Cannabis usea | 145 | 37.6 | 78 | 55.3 | 13.33 |  < 0.001 |
 Amphetamine useb | 48 | 12.4 | 23 | 16.3 | 1.332 | 0.249 |
 Hallucinogen useb | 24 | 6.2 | 18 | 12.8 | 6.038 | 0.014 |
 Cocaine useb | 21 | 5.4 | 12 | 8.5 | 1.697 | 0.193 |
Diagnoses according to DSM-IV (current or lifetime) | ||||||
 Mental/behavioral dis. due to psychoactive substance use (F1x.x) | 49 | 11.3 | 26 | 17.4 | 3.715 | 0.054 |
  Mental/behavioral dis. due to use of alcohol (F10.x) | 20 | 4.6 | 20 | 13.4 | 13.424 |  < 0.001 |
  Mental/behavioral dis. due to use of cannabis (F12.x) | 20 | 4.6 | 12 | 8.1 | 2.517 | 0.113 |
 Mood (Affective) Disorders (3x.x) | 175 | 40.4 | 108 | 72.5 | 45.632 |  < 0.001 |
  Manic episode/Bipolar affective disorder (wo Hypomania) (F30.x-F31.x) | 0 | 0.0 | 24 | 16.1 | 72.745 |  < 0.001 |
  Depressive episode (F32.x) | 80 | 18.5 | 27 | 18.1 | 0.009 | 0.923 |
  Recurrent depressive disorder (F33.x) | 79 | 18.2 | 51 | 34.2 | 16.325 |  < 0.001 |
  Persistent mood (affective) disorders (F34.x) | 25 | 5.8 | 6 | 4.0 | 0.671 | 0.413 |
 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F4x.x) | 136 | 31.4 | 42 | 28.2 | 0.542 | 0.462 |
  Phobic anxiety disorders and other anxiety disorders (F40.x-F41.x) | 99 | 22.9 | 31 | 20.8 | 0.271 | 0.603 |
  Obsessive–compulsive disorder (F42.x) | 16 | 3.7 | 6 | 4.0 | 0.034 | 0.855 |
  Reaction to severe stress, adjustment disorder (F43.x) | 23 | 5.3 | 8 | 5.4 | 0001 | 0.979 |
 Eating disorders (F50x) | 8 | 1.8 | 10 | 6.7 | 8.750 | 0.003 |
 Specific, mixed & other personality disorders (F60.x-F61.x) | 18 | 4.2 | 9 | 6.0 | 0.889 | 0.346 |
 ADHD/ hyperkinetic disorderc(F90.x) | 13 | 3.0 | 15 | 10.1 | 12.082 | 0.001 |
Comorbidity of above mentioned diagnoses | ||||||
 0 | 147 | 33.9 | 22 | 14.8 | 34.884 |  < 0.001 |
 1 | 194 | 44.8 | 62 | 41.6 |  |  |
 2 +  | 92 | 21.2 | 65 | 43.6 |  |  |
History of child psychiatric treatment | 35 | 8.1 | 24 | 16.1 | 7.835 | 0.005 |
 Outpatient | 20 | 4.6 | 11 | 7.4 | 1.679 | 0.195 |
 Inpatient | 19 | 4.4 | 18 | 12.1 | 11.019 | 0.001 |
History of psychiatric treatment/ psychotherapy | 197 | 45.5 | 79 | 53.0 | 2.517 | 0.113 |
 Outpatient | 149 | 34.4 | 66 | 44.3 | 4.649 | 0.031 |
 Inpatient | 96 | 22.2 | 35 | 23.5 | 0.111 | 0.739 |
History of medication treatment | ||||||
 Antidepressant | 91 | 21.0 | 39 | 26.2 | 1.700 | 0.192 |
 Mood stabilizer | 4 | 0.9 | 4 | 2.7 | 2.535 | 0.111 |
 Antipsychotic | 60 | 13.9 | 12 | 8.1 | 3.444 | 0.063 |