Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of women with non-postpartum recurrence during follow-up and of women with no recurrence outside the postpartum period during follow-up

From: Long-term outcome of postpartum psychosis: a prospective clinical cohort study in 106 women

 

Non-postpartum recurrence

n = 34

No recurrence outside the postpartum period

n = 72

p-value

Baseline characteristics at time of initial episode

 

 Age in years

Mean = 31.0

SD = 4.8

Mean = 31.9

SD = 4.9

0.351

 Country of origin (n)

     

  Netherlands

79.4%

27

94.4%

68

0.018

  Other

20.6%

7

5.6%

4

 Marital status (n)

     

  Married or in relationship

100.0%

34

91.6%

66

0.217

  Not in relationship

-

-

4.2%

3

  Missing

-

-

4.2%

3

 Education (n)

     

  No education

3.0%

1

0.521

  Primary school

1.4%

1

  Secondary school

14.7%

5

9.7%

7

  Vocational training

29.4%

10

30.6%

22

 

  Higher education

52.9%

18

58.3%

42

 

 Parity (n)

     

  1

79.4%

27

79.2%

57

0.343

  2

11.8%

4

16.7%

12

   ≥ 3

8.8%

3

2.8%

2

  Missing

1.4%

1

 Psychiatric history before postpartum episode (n)

     

  None

55.9%

19

76.4%

55

0.210

  Postpartum depression

8.8%

3

2.8%

2

  Postpartum psychosis/mania (not at other times)

8.8%

3

5.6%

4

  Depression

20.6%

7

9.7%

7

  Anxiety

5.9%

2

2.8%

2

  Hypomania

2.8%

2

  Family history of psychiatric disorders (n)

     

  None

47.1%

16

34.7%

25

0.238

  1st degree relative with depression or anxiety

41.2%

14

36.1%

26

0.616

  1st degree relative with postpartum psychiatric episode

2.9%

1

13.9%

10

0.085

  1st degree relative with bipolar disorder

8.8%

3

13.9%

10

0.444

  Missing

2.9%

1

4.2%

3

0.745

  Length of initial hospital admission in days

Mean = 59.6

SD = 25.6

Mean = 57.3

SD = 31.2

0.700

 Phenomenology initial episode (n)

     

  Manic with and without psychotic features

58.8%

20

61.1%

44

0.533

  Psychotic only

17.7%

6

12.5%

9

Depressed-psychotic

5.8%

2

13.9%

10

  Manic-depressed (mixed)

17.7%

6

12.5%

9

 Relation between mood and psychotic symptoms (n)

     

  Presence of mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms

67.6%

23

62.5%

45

0.611

   > 50% of time psychotic during initial episodes

52.9%

18

47.2%

34

0.596

  First rank psychotic symptoms

8.8%

3

6.9%

5

0.730

 DSM-IV diagnosis at baseline

     

  Bipolar I disorder

82.3%

28

77.8%

56

0.600

  Bipolar II disorder

2.9%

1

1.4%

1

0.597

  Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features

2.9%

1

11.1%

8

0.159

  Mood disorders NOS

8.8%

3

9.7%

7

0.883

 Lithium treatment during admission (n)

     

  No

20.6%

7

25.0%

18

0.617

  Yes

79.4%

27

75.0%

54

 Antipsychotics treatment during admission (n)

     

  No

14.7%

5

18.1%

13

0.668

  Yes

85.3%

29

81.1%

59

Follow-up

 

 Length of follow-up period in months

Mean = 46.3

SD = 20.3

Mean = 44.5

SD = 8.8

0.543

 Subsequent pregnancies (n)

     

  No

64.7%

22

58.3%

42

0.464

  Yes

32.3%

11

40.3%

29

  Missing

3.0%

1

1.4%

1

 Recurrence period (n)

     

  Postpartum only

3.0

2

 < 0.001

  Non-postpartum only

90.9%

30

-

-

  Postpartum and non-postpartum

9.1%

3

 Recurrence phenomenology (n)

     

  No recurrence

97.2%

70

 < 0.001

Hypo(mania)

42.4%

13

 

  Depression/Anxiety

33.3%

11

2.8*%

2*

Psychotic episode without affective components

15.2%

5

  Schizoaffective disorder

9.1%

4

 DSM-IV diagnosis at follow-up

     

  Bipolar I Disorder

38.2%

13

4.2%

3

 < 0.001

  Major Depressive Disorder

14.7%

5

16.7%

12

0.794

  Anxiety/Panic Disorder

11.8%

4

2.8%

2

0.063

  Brief Psychotic Disorder

11.8%

4

-

-

 < 0.001

  Psychotic Disorder NOS

2.9%

1

-

-

 < 0.001

  Schizoaffective Disorder

11.8%

4

 < 0.001

  Mood Disorder NOS

2.9%

1

 < 0.001

  Cyclothymic Disorder

2.9%

1

 < 0.001

  Observation of other suspected mental condition (V71.09)

2.9%

1

75%

54

 < 0.001

 Lithium stop in follow-up period (n)

     

  No

61.8%

21

45.8%

33

0.126

  Yes

38.2%

13

54.2%

39

Recurrence within 6 months after lithium stop (n)

     

  No

23.5%

8

 < 0.001

  Yes

14.7%

5

 Lithium treatment at follow-up (n)

     

  No

38.2%

13

61.1%

44

0.027

  Yes

61.8%

21

38.9%

28

 Antipsychotics treatment at follow-up (n)

     

  No

76.5%

26

94.4%

68

0.006

  Yes

23.5%

8

5.6%

4

 

 Still in treatment at follow-up (n)

     

  No

20.6%

7

68.0%

49

 < 0.001

  Yes

76.5%

26

30.6%

22

  Missing

2.9%

1

1.4%

1

  1. The table presents percentages and numbers of participants, unless stated
  2. Percentages may exceed 100% because these categories are not mutually exclusive
  3. The set of psychotic symptoms recognized as having special weight in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
  4. *Recurrence in the postpartum period