Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical and psychopathological characteristics of the two groups investigated
From: Sleep disturbances in the context of neurohormonal dysregulation in patients with bipolar disorder
|  | Healthy controls (N = 24) | Bipolar disorder (N = 21) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
Female gender (n, %) | 18 (75) | 7 (33.34) | 0.005 |
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 28.58 (SD = 9.58) | 45 (SD = 12.59) |  < 0.001 |
Height (cm; mean ± SD) | 170.83 (SD = 7.01) | 170.67 (SD = 10.37) | 0.94 |
Weight (kg; mean ± SD) | 68.58 (SD = 14.60) | 84.52 (SD = 19.83) | 0.003 |
Occupation | 24 employed (0% unemployment) | 8 employed, 13 unemployed (61.9% unemployment) | Â |
Pre-existing endocrine disease | 8.3% (n = 2) | 47.6% (n = 10) |  |
Hypothyroidism (n = 2; 8.3%) | Hypothyroidism (n = 9; 42.9%) | ||
|  | Diabetes mellitus (type 2) (n = 3; 14.3%) | ||
RLS symptoms | 8.3% (n = 2) | 9.5% (n = 2) |  |
Regularly taken medication | 54.2% (n = 13) | 95.2% (n = 20) |  |
Oral contraceptives (n = 11; 45.8%) | Mood stabilizers (n = 20; 95.2%) | ||
Antihistamines (n = 3; 12.5%) | Antidepressants (n = 7; 33.3%) | ||
l-Thyroxine (n = 2; 8.3%) | Sedative drugs (n = 7; 33.3%) | ||
Isotretinoin (n = 1; 4.2%) | l-thyroxine (n = 9; 42.3%) | ||
Triptan (n = 1; 4.2%) | Antihypertensive drugs (n = 7; 33.3%) | ||
NSAID (n = 1; 4.2%) | Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) (n = 4; 19%) | ||
ß-Blocker (n = 1; 4.2%) | Antidiabetics (n = 3; 14.3%) | ||
|  | Aspirin (n = 1; 4.8%) | ||
HAMD-17 average score | 3.00 | 4.38 | 0.036 |
YMRS average score | 2.00 | 1.90 | 0.847 |
PSQI average score | 3.63 | 5.52 | 0.022 |
RIS average score | 5.83 | 8.90 | 0.031 |