Table 4 Onset of mood episodes or disorders in offspring by preceding individual or familial environmental factors
Mania/hypomania onset in offspring | MDD onset in offspringb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | HRa (95% CI) | Yes | No | HRa (95% CI) | |
%/m (SD) | %/m (SD) | %/m (SD) | %/m (SD) | |||
N = 42 | N = 346 | N = 181 | N = 165 | |||
Childhood adversity | ||||||
Traumatic events | 33.3 | 19.9 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.7) | 35.4 | 3.0 | 2.8*** (2.0, 3.8) |
Family environment | ||||||
Parental separation | 78.6 | 60.4 | 2.2° (1.0, 4.7) | 65.2 | 55.2 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) |
Family cohesion | 34.8 (5.0) | 34.7 (7.9) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 35.1 (8.1) | 34.5 (7.9) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
Parental attitudes | ||||||
Proband | ||||||
Care | 28.5 (5.2) | 28.9 (6.0) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 28.9 (6.1) | 28.8 (6.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) |
Denial of autonomy | 4.3 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 5.1 (3.7) | 5.4 (4.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
Encouragement of freedom | 13.6 (2.3) | 12.4 (3.6) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 12.9 (3.8) | 12.2 (3.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
Spouse | ||||||
Care | 27.6 (4.3) | 28.3 (6.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 28.2 (6.9) | 28.4 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
Denial of autonomy | 5.2 (3.4) | 5.2 (4.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 5.2 (4.1) | 5.3 (4.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) |
Encouragement of freedom | 13.4 (2.9) | 12.4 (3.4) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 12.8 (3.2) | 12.2 (3.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |