Environmental factors in offspring of parents with mood disorders and their role in parent–child transmission: findings from a 14-year prospective high-risk study

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 5 Onset of episodes/disorders in offspring by proband status with or without adjustment for potential mediators

	Mania/hypomania onset in offspring				MDD onset in offspring^c
	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	HR (95% CI)	p	HR (95% CI)	p	HR (95% CI)	p	HR (95% CI)	p
Parental mood disorder
BPD onset < 21 yrs	8.0 (3.1–20.7)	< 0.001	6.8 (2.6–18.1)	0.001	1.1 (0.6–2.0)	0.790	1.0 (0.6–1.9)	0.941
BPD onset > 21 yrs	1.1 (0.4–3.0)	0.930	0.9 (0.3–2.6)	0.824	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	0.710	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	0.366
MDD onset < 21 yrs	1.4 (0.3–5.6)	0.668	1.2 (0.3–4.8)	0.843	1.9 (1.1–3.2)	0.026	1.5 (0.8–2.6)	0.191
MDD onset > 21 yrs	0.6 (0.2–2.5)	0.514	0.5 (0.1–2.2)	0.384	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	0.402	1.1 (0.6–1.8)	0.783
Potential mediators
Traumatic events	–	–	–	–	–	–	2.5 (1.7–3.6)	< 0.001
Parental separation	–	–	1.8 (0.8–4.2)	0.160	–	–	–	–

Statistically significant values are in bold
BPD bipolar disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, HR hazard ratios, 95% CI 95% confidence intervals
^aModel 1 (imputed) with no mediators, adjusted for sex, age and number of assessments in offspring, sex and age in proband, socio-economic status of the family, proband alternate and non-mood disorders, spouse mood and non-mood disorders and intra-familial correlations
^bModels (imputed) successively including potential mediators, adjusted for the same variables as Model 1
^cOffspring with mania/hypomania excluded