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Table 2 Bipolar 1 vs. 2 disorder: morbidity

From: Differences between bipolar disorder types 1 and 2 support the DSM two-syndrome concept

Measure

Measure or Percentage [95%CI]

RR

p-value

BD-1

BD-2

(BD-1BD-2)

[t or χ2]

Subjects (n)

657

720

1/1.10

Co-occurring (%)

    

Medical illness

26.2 [22.9–29.7]

35.9 [32.3–39.5]

1/1.37

 < 0.0001 [112]

ADHD

28.7 [23.9–33.8]

21.5 [17.7–25.7]

1.33

0.02 [5.19]

Anxiety disorder

49.5 [42.7–56.4]

60.3 [54.3–66.0]

1/1.22

0.02 [5.72]

Substance use

    

Drug abuse (%)

20.6 [18.5–24.8]

14.4 [11.9–17.2]

1.43

0.0006 [11.9]

Alcohol abuse (%)

18.7 [14.2–24.0]

13.4 [9.81–17.6]

1.4

0.08 [3.05]

Cigarettes/day

12.3 [10.8–13.7]

9.96 [8.87–11.1]

1.23

0.01 [2.57]

First episode type (%)

    

Depressive

50.0 [31.9–68.1]

86.5 [71.2–95.5]

1/1.73

 < 0.0001 [69.9]

[Hypo]manic

25.0 [11.5–43.4]

10.8 [3.03–25.4]

2.31

 < 0.0001 [39.0]

Mixed

9.38 [1.98–25.0]

2.70 [0.07–14.2]

3.47

0.36 [0.85]

Psychotic

15.6 [5.28–32.8]

0.00 [0.00–0.00]

 > 15.6

 < 0.0001 [136]

Duration (months)

3.16 [2.81–3.52]

5.40 [4.37–6.43]

1/1.71

 < 0.0001 [5.17]

Intake ratings

    

HDRS

14.6 [13.9–15.3]

17.5 [16.9–18.0]

1/1.20

 < 0.0001 [6.18]

HARS

7.86 [6.39–9.33]

10.1 [9.00–11.2]

1/1.29

 < 0.0001 [5.57]

MADRS

13.6 [11.7–15.5]

17.5 [15.9–19.1]

1/1.29

0.002 [3.15]

MDQ

11.6 [10.8–12.3]

9.56 [8.99–10.1]

1.21

 < 0.0001 [4.24]

YMRS

2.40 [1.83–2.97]

1.42 [1.13–1.71]

1.69

0.001 [3.26]

HDRS Improvement (%)

46.2 [29.9–62.4]

63.1 [59.7–66.5]

1/1.37

0.02 [2.36]

Switch risk (%)

    

Overall

34.2 [22.4–29.2]

49.0 [33.0–40.3]

1/1.43

 < 0.0001 [30.8]

Mania

9.13 [7.04–11.6]

0.00 0.00–0.00]

1/1.74

 < 0.0001 [68.8]

Hypomania

7.91 [5.97–10.2]

29.6 [26.3–33.1]

1/3.74

 < 0.0001 [104]

Mixed

3.96 [98–25.0]

6. 26 [0.07–14.2]

1/1.58

0.002 [10.1]

Psychotic

3.65 [2.35–5.39]

0.14 [0.00–0.77]

26.1

 < 0.0001 [23.0]

Seasonality (%)

    

Fall/winter depression

22.0 [15.5–29.7]

12.4 [7.81–18.3]

1.77

0.02 [5.14]

Spring–summer [hypo]mania

12.8 [7.74–19.4]

1.76 [0.37–5.07]

7.27

0.0001 [14.8]

Morbidity

    

Episodes/year

2.20 [1.82–2.58]

2.00 [1.23–2.77]

1.1

0.65 [0.45]

Depressions/year

0.84 [0.45–0.82]

1.22 [0.83–1.62]

1/1.45

0.09 [1.70]

[Hypo]manias/year

1.16 [0.80–1.52]

0.89 [0.30–1.49]

1.3

0.46 [0.73]

%-Time ill

39.9 [36.0–43.8]

36.4 [34.0–38.9]

1.1

0.68 [0.42]

%-Time depressed

19.9 [18.0–21.8]

26.4 [24.4–28.4]

1/1.33

 < 0.0001 [5.17]

%-Time [Hypo]manic

14.9 [16.4–23.6]

9.53 [8.78–11.3]

248

 < 0.0001 [11.1]

Hospitalized (%/year)

8.60 [8.17–9.03]

1.61 [0.74–2.48]

5.34

 < 0.0001 [4.27]

DMI course

30.7 [24.3–34.3]

63.3 [58.1–68.0]

1/2.06

 < 0.0001 [526]

Predominant depression (%)

58.5 [51.7–65.2]

83.4 [77.4–88.4]

1/1.43

 < 0.0001 [30.3]

Rapid or continuous cycling (%)

6.76 [4.87–9.09]

21.4 [18–24.8.2]

1/3.17

 < 0.0001 [53.2]

Suicidal history

    

Ideation only (%)

25.8 [22.4–29.4]

35.2 [31.6–38.9]

1/1.36

 < 0.0001 [21.2]

Attempts (%)

20.5 [17.5–23.8]

17.1 [14.4–20.0]

1.2

0.10 [2.71]

Suicide (%)

2.59 [1.51–4.11]

1.53 [0.76–2.72]

1.69

0.16 [1.94]

Violent acts (%)

8.37 [6.37–10.8]

4.86 [3.41–6.70]

1.72

0.008 [6.93]

Lethality (attempts/suicide)

7.94 [5.15–13.3]

11.2 [6.48–22.0]

1/1.41

0.35 [0.89]

Age at first attempt

33.2 [31.1–35.4]

36.6 [34.0–39.2]

1/1.10

0.05 [1.97]