Table 3 Risk of bias from included non-randomised studies
Study | Sub-group analysis or outcome | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in outcome measure-ment | Bias in selection of reported results | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comparisons in early course populations | |||||||||
Bromet et al. (2005) | – | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Serious |
Craig et al. (2004) | – | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Serious |
Hafeman et al. (2020) | – | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious | Serious |
Kessing et al. (2011) | – | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Kessing et al. (2012) | – | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
MacNeil (2021) | – | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Serious | Serious |
Mander (1986) | |||||||||
| Â | Treatment episode | Serious | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Persons prescribed lithium | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | |
Comparisons of early vs late course of illness | |||||||||
Kessing et al. (2014b) | – | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Berk et al. (2011) | |||||||||
| Â | Mania remission acute mania studies | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Mania remission maintenance studies | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Mania relapse | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Depression remission acute depression studies | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Depression remission maintenance studies | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Depression relapse | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |