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International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

From: The association of genetic variation in CACNA1C with resting-state functional connectivity in youth bipolar disorder

 

BD

HC

Test statistic

p-value

Effect size

A-carrier (n = 27)

Non-carrier (n = 41)

A-carrier (n = 32)

Non-carrier (n = 39)

Age, years

17.4 ± 1.8

17.5 ± 1.4

16.2 ± 1.6

17.1 ± 1.7

F = 4.46

0.01df

η2 = 0.09

Sex (n, % female)

18 (66.7)

25 (61.0)

17 (53.1)

22 (56.4)

χ2 = 1.29

0.73

V = 0.10

SES

4.3 ± 0.9

4.3 ± 1.0

4.4 ± 0.8

4.3 ± 1.0

H = 0.82

0.85

η2 = 0.02

Race (n, % caucasian)

22 (81.5)

28 (68.3)

23 (71.9)

17 (43.6)

χ2 = 11.90

0.01bce

V = 0.29

Intact family (n, %)

17 (63.0)

24 (58.5)

23 (71.9)

23 (59.0)

χ2 = 1.69

0.64

V = 0.11

Tanner stage (1–5)

4.4 ± 0.7

4.4 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.7

4.2 ± 0.6

H = 4.94

0.18

η2 = 0.02

BMI (adjusted)

24.0 ± 5.2

24.0 ± 4.2

22.0 ± 4.5

21.5 ± 2.9

H = 11.62

0.01e

η2 = 0.06

Clinical characteristics

 BD-I

9 (33.3)

14 (34.1)

  

χ2 = 0.24

  

 BD-II

8 (29.6)

14 (34.1)

  

0.89

V = 0.06

 BD-NOS

10 (37.0)

13 (31.7)

    

 Age of BD onset

15.17 ± 1.92

14.47 ± 3.14

  

U = 585.0

0.69

d = 0.26

 Lifetime psychosis

6 (22.2)

13 (31.7)

  

χ2 = 0.71

0.39

V = 0.10

 Lifetime suicide attempts

4 (14.8)

6 (14.6)

  

χ2 = 0.0

0.98

V = 0.002

 Lifetime self-injurious behaviour

17 (63.0)

21 (51.2)

  

χ2 = 0.91

0.34

V = 0.12

 Lifetime suicidal ideation

21 (77.8)

23 (56.1)

  

χ2 = 3.35

0.07

V = 0.22

 Police contact/arrest

3 (11.1)

13 (31.7)

  

χ2 = 3.84

0.05

V = 0.24

 Lifetime physical abuse

0

2 (6.3)

  

χ2 = 1.30

0.25

V = 0.16

 Lifetime sexual abuse

0

3 (9.4)

  

χ2 = 2.0

0.16

V = 1.0

 Lifetime psychiatric hospitalization

10 (37.0)

22 (53.7)

  

χ2 = 1.81

0.18

V = 0.16

 Current depression score

18.0 ± 10.64

13.85 ± 10.59

  

U = 691.50

0.08

d = 0.39

 Lifetime depression score

32.0 ± 12.84

28.85 ± 10.12

  

t = − 1.13

0.26

d = 0.28

 Current mania score

13.11 ± 10.06

7.10 ± 8.78

  

U = 755.0

0.01

d = 0.64

 Lifetime mania score

31.59 ± 9.30

29.56 ± 10.48

  

t = − 0.82

0.42

d = 0.20

 CGAS—most severe past episode

44.54 ± 8.61

43.44 ± 9.27

  

U = 584.50

0.50

d = 0.12

 CGAS—highest past year

68.81 ± 10.66

67.59 ± 12.42

  

U = 566.50

0.66

d = 0.10

 CGAS—past month

65.27 ± 11.11

64.80 ± 12.11

  

U = 557.0

0.76

d = 0.04

Lifetime comorbid diagnoses

 ADHD

15 (55.6)

19 (46.3)

  

χ2 = 0.55

0.46

V = 0.09

 Any anxiety

23 (85.2)

32 (78.0)

  

χ2 = 0.54

0.47

V = 0.09

 SUD

6 (30.0)

8 (29.6%)

  

χ2 = 0.001

0.98

V = 0.004

 ODD

6 (22.2%)

13 (31.7)

  

χ2 = 0.73

0.39

V = 0.10

 CD

0

2 (4.9)

  

χ2 = 1.36

0.24

V = 0.14

 Nicotine use (yes/no)

11 (40.7)

18 (43.9)

  

χ2 = 0.07

0.80

V = 0.03

 Alcohol abuse

3 (11.1)

2 (4.9)

  

χ2 = 0.93

0.34

V = 0.12

 Alcohol dependence

2 (7.4)

2 (4.9)

  

χ2 = 0.19

0.66

V = 0.05

Family psychiatric history

 Mania/hypomania

12 (48.0)

27 (69.2)

  

χ2 = 2.89

0.09

V = 0.21

 Depression

19 (76.0)

32 (82.1)

  

χ2 = 0.35

0.56

V = 0.07

 Suicide attempt

7 (28.0)

18 (46.2)

  

χ2 = 2.11

0.15

V = 0.18

 Anxiety

20 (80.0)

26 (66.7)

  

χ2 = 1.34

0.25

V = 0.15

 ADHD

8 (32.0)

15 (38.5)

  

χ2 = 0.28

0.60

V = 0.07

Lifetime medications

 SGA

22 (81.5)

26 (63.4)

  

χ2 = 2.56

0.11

V = 0.19

 Lithium

8 (29.6)

8 (19.5)

  

χ2 = 0.93

0.34

V = 0.12

 SSRI antidepressants

10 (37)

15 (36.6)

  

χ2 = 0.001

0.97

V = 0.005

 Non-SSRI antidepressants

6 (22.2)

7 (17.1)

  

χ2 = 0.28

0.60

V = 0.06

 Stimulants

8 (29.6)

9 (22.0)

  

χ2 = 0.51

0.47

V = 0.09

 Valproate

2 (7.4)

3 (7.3)

  

χ2 = 0.0

1.0

V = 0.002

 Lamotrigine

5 (18.5)

10 (24.4)

  

χ2 = 0.33

0.57

V = 0.07

 Any medications

25 (92.6)

32 (78.0)

  

χ2 = 2.54

0.11

V = 0.19

Current medications

 SGA

19 (70.4)

26 (53.4)

  

χ2 = 0.35

0.55

V = 0.07

 Lithium

7 (25.9)

7 (17.1)

  

χ2 = 0.78

0.38

V = 0.11

 SSRI antidepressants

2 (7.4)

3 (7.3)

  

χ2 = 0.0

0.99

V = 0.002

 Non-SSRI antidepressants

4 (14.8)

0

  

χ2 = 6.45

0.01

V = 0.31

 Stimulants

3 (11.1)

3 (7.3)

  

χ2 = 0.29

0.59

V = 0.07

 Valproate

0

0

  

–

–

–

 Lamotrigine

4 (14.8)

11 (26.8)

  

χ2 = 1.37

0.24

V = 0.14

  1. Values are reported in mean ± standard error unless otherwise indicated. Values in bold indicate p values at α = 0.05.
  2. BD Bipolar Disorder, HC Healthy Controls, SES Socio-Economic Status, BMI body mass index, NOS Not Otherwise Specified; Depression Score Based on Depression Rating Scale; Mania Score Based on Mania Rating Scale; CGAS Children’s Global Assessment Scale, ADHD Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, SUD Substance Use Disorder, ODD Oppositional Defiant Disorder, CD Conduct Disorder, SGA Second Generation Antipsychotic, SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Post-hpc pairwise comparisons: 
  3. aBD A-carrier vs. BD non-carrier, p < 0.05
  4. bHC A-carrier vs. HC non-carrier, p < 0.05
  5. cBD A-carrier vs HC non-carrier, p < 0.05
  6. dBD non-carrier vs HC A-carrier, p < 0.05
  7. eBD non-carrier vs HC non-carrier, p < 0.05
  8. fBD A-carrier vs HC A-carrier, p < 0.05
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