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Table 3 Nephrotoxic drugs in order of frequency

From: Long-term lithium therapy and risk of chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia: a cohort study

Pharmacologic class

At admission (n, %)

Discharge (n, %)

PPI

66 (19.0)

52 (18.4)

ACE inhibitors

45 (13.0)

18 (6.0)

Valproic acid

32 (9.0)

19 (6.7)

Loop diuretics

23 (7.0)

18 (6.4)

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

18 (5.0)

11(3.9)

Thiazide diuretics

16 (5.0)

7 (2.5)

Beta-lactams

12 (3.0)

27 (7.7)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

4 (1.2)

6 (2.1)