Table 3 Information on articles that have examined the stigma experienced by people living with bipolar disorders and their families
From: Stigma in people living with bipolar disorder and their families: a systematic review
| Â | Author, Year, | Location of study | Study type | Sampling method | Sample size | Tools | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Iran | Qualitative Method (Grounded theory) | Purposive sampling | 20 family members of bipolar patients 4 bipolar patients 3 mental health professional | Qualitative interviews | Families of people living with bipolar disorder experience social deprivation, social isolation, and social rejection, which have irreparable consequences for them. This people being labelled by the community members and are socially deprived in many aspects of their lives. Consequently, to return to normal life, they are forced to accept the situation and try to adopt a method of indifference and distance themselves from other people as much as possible to face people less | |
2 | Richard-Lepouriel et al., 2022 | Switzerland | Qualitative Method | Purposive sampling | 21 family members of bipolar patients | Qualitative interviews | People living with bipolar disorders and their families experienced stigma in five different dimensions, including language, identity, emotions, others’ reactions, and coping with bipolar disorder, highlighting the importance of specialized interventions to reduce stigma in this people |
3 | Grover et al., 2019 | India | Cross-sectional study | Purposive sampling | 103 caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder | Perceived discrimination Devaluation Scale (PDD) | People living with bipolar and their caregivers experience considerable dependence and stigma and there is a positive and significant correlation between more stigma and lower-income, as well as less emotional support in these individuals |
4 | Sharma et al., 2017 | India | Cross-sectional study | Random sampling | Caregivers of 88 patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | The Stigma Scale (SS) | Care burden for the family member of people living with bipolar disorder is mainly felt in leisure time, during communication with others, as well as in financial issues There was no significant difference in the experience of stigma between families with different socio-economic conditions |
5 | Pal et al., 2017 | India | Cross-sectional study | Random sampling | 123 participant (60 patients with BPAD, 33 patients with schizophrenia and 30 patients with anxiety disorders) | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) Participation scale (PS) World Health Organization Quality Of Life—Brief Version – Hindi (WHOQOL-brief) | Bipolar patients experience substantial stigma and internalized stigma has significant impact on self-esteem, socio-occupational participation and functioning, and quality of life in this people |
6 | Bassirnia et al. 2015 | USA | Cross-sectional study | Random sampling | 112 patients with bipolar disorder and 112 corresponding treatment partners | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) | Both people living with bipolar disorders and their treatment counterparts experience internal stigma There was a positive and significant relationship between internal stigma and introversion personality trait |