Table 6 Information on articles that have examined the effective interventions and strategies to reduce stigma in people living with bipolar disorders and their families
From: Stigma in people living with bipolar disorder and their families: a systematic review
| Â | Author, Year, | Location of study | Study type | Sampling method | Sample size | Tools | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Iran | Quasi-experimental study | Random sampling | 71 family members of bipolar patients | The Modified Version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Questionnaire The Opinion about Mental Illness (OMI) Questionnaire The provision of the psychoeducation package to the families of bipolar patients | Psychoeducation can be useful to reduce the internalized stigma of family members of bipolar patients and to increase their positive attitudes towards psychological disorders | |
2 | Keshavarzpir et al., 2020 | Iran | Quasi-experimental study | Random sampling | 76 bipolar patients | Psychoeducation intervention Mental Illness scale stigma | Psychological education, as one of the supportive approaches to alleviate psychiatric problems, was reported to improve patients’ understanding of psychiatric disorders, which can positively affect self-esteem and the ability to manage stigma |
3 | Richardson et al., 2019 | UK | Case series study | Random sampling | 23 participants across 3 groups | Consultation method (World Café) | Cognitive-behavioral-based psychological education increased perceived improvement in people living with bipolar disorders and delayed the recurrence of mood disorders, highlighting the importance of factors such as identity, hope, optimism regarding the future, and empowerment. Overall, the intervention employed in this study was shown to reduce stigma and improve the quality of life in people living with bipolar disorders |
4 | Nilsson et al. 2016 | Denmark | Naturalistic cohort study | Purposive sampling | 50 remitted BD patients | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI) | Psychoeducation and affective temperaments were identified as factors in improving perceived stigma in bipolar patients |
5 | Hawke et al. 2014 | Canada | Quasi-experimental study | Random sampling | 137 participants ( health-care service providers, university students in a health-care-related course, people with BD and their friends and family members and the general public) | Oslo-3 Social Support Scale | In this study, a movie-based intervention was used and its significant impacts on reducing stigma in caregivers. Students also showed remarkable improvements in their tendency not to reduce the social distance from people living with bipolar disorders; which was also remarkable in the general public |
6 | Michalak et al., 2014 | Canada | Mixed-Method | Purposive sampling | Quantitative phase: 80 bipolar patients 84 health care providers Qualitative phase: 14 bipolar patients 19 health care providers | Day’s Mental Illness Stigma Scale Mental Illness: Clinicians’ Attitudes Scale Version 4 Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale Performance evaluation scale Qualitative interviews | In this study, integrated methods were employed in the form of designing and performing theater to improve stigmatizing attitudes and the results showed that Caregivers, people living with bipolar disorders, and their families experienced significant improvements in their labeling attitudes immediately after performing the program |