Table 1 Overview of cortical thinning studies comparing young patients with psychosis, bipolar disorder and controls
Author | Sample (age, years ± SD) | Regions of cortical thinning |
|---|---|---|
White et al. (2003) | 42 Childhood/adolescent-onset psychosis (17.7 ± 1.7) | • Mean cortical thickness |
24 Controls (17.7 ± 2.0) | • Frontal, temporal, and parietal sulci; temporal gyri | |
72 First episode psychosis (25.1 ± 4.7) | • Frontal, temporal and parietal lobes (significance set at p < 0.05, uncorrected) | |
78 Controls (27.3 ± 6.6) | • Fronto-polar, occipital lobes in patients with little or no prior antipsychotic medication | |
Rais et al. (2010) | 32 Early schizophrenia, non-cannabis users (23.3 ± 5.1) | • Same at baseline |
19 Early schizophrenia, cannabis users (21.8 ± 3.9) | • Five-year follow-up schizophrenia patients: right supplementary motor cortex, inferior frontal  cortex, superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, cuneus and postcentral gyrus | |
31 Controls (24.7 ± 6.7) | ||
Crespo-Facorro et al. (2011) | 142 First episode psychosis (29.7 ± 8.7) | • Frontal, temporal and parietal lobes (group contrast only, not significant when covarying  for gender) |
83 Controls (27.6 ± 7.6) | ||
Jung et al. (2011) | 29 Ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis (22.2 ± 4.3) | • Mean cortical thickness: (controls = UHR) > schizophrenia |
31 Schizophrenia (24.3 ± 4.2) | • Schizophrenia vs controls: bilateral insular, inferior frontal, STG, PCC and ACC; left superior  frontal, inferior temporal and precuneus; right parahippocampal, inferior parietal, lingual and  precentral cortices | |
29 Controls (23.2 ± 2.7) | ||
• UHR vs controls: bilateral ACC and parahippocampal and medial frontal cortices; left STG;  right lingual, inferior frontal, parietal and middle temporal cortices | ||
• Schizophrenia vs UHR: bilateral medial frontal cortex; left STG, superior frontal,  parahippocampal and inferior temporal cortices; right insula, uncus, PCC and precentral and  middle temporal cortices | ||
Lyoo et al. (2006b) | 25 Bipolar disorder (33.8 ± 9.6) | • Bilateral postcentral cortex; left DLPFC, ACC, PCC, occipital cortex; right orbitofrontal, angular  and fusiform cortices |
21 Controls (31.5 ± 9.7) | • Bipolar I to bipolar II | |
173 Schizophrenia (32.3 ± 9.0) | • Schizophrenia vs controls: bilateral lateral and medial frontal lobe, temporal lobe, precuneus,  parahippocampal and fusiform gyri, precentral gyrus, lateral and medial occipital lobe, lingual  gyrus; left ACC, STG, middle temporal gyrus, inferior parietal and lingual gyrus; right medial  orbitofrontal, entorhinal, supramarginal and inferior parietal cortices, isthmus of PCC | |
139 Bipolar disorder (35.4 ± 11.3) | ||
207 Controls (36.2 ± 9.7) | ||
• Bipolar vs controls, schizophrenia: no significant findings | ||
• Bipolar I vs controls: bilateral lateral and medial frontal lobes; left orbitofrontal, posterior STG,  inferior parietal gyrus; right superior frontal gyrus, supramarginal, parietal, inferior temporal  and parahippocampal gyrus | ||
• Bipolar I vs schizophrenia: no significant findings | ||
Foland-Ross et al. (2011) | 34 Bipolar I disorder (38.1 ± 12.0) | • Bilateral prefrontal cortex; left ACC and dorsomedial, ventrolateral, frontopolar cortices |
31 Controls (37.8 ± 13.1) | • No difference between patients treated with or without lithium |