Table 1 Trauma subtypes assessed by the CTQ (Bernstein et al. 1994)

Emotional neglect

Failure of caretakers to meet children’s basic emotional and psychological needs, including love, belonging, nurturance, and support

Emotional abuse

Verbal assaults on a child’s sense of worth or well-being or any humiliating or demeaning behavior directed toward a child by an adult or older person

Physical neglect

Failure of caretakers to provide for a child’s basic physical needs, including food, shelter, clothing, safety, and health care

Physical abuse

Bodily assaults on a child by an adult or older person that posed a risk of- or resulted in injury

Sexual abuse

Sexual contact or conduct between a child younger than 18 years of age and an adult or older person