|
Female/male (% females)
|
59/20 (75%)
|
21/10 (68%)
|
0.48
|
|
Age, median (min–max)
|
70 (65–84)
|
77 (65–83)
|
0.00006
|
|
Years on lithium, median (min–max)
|
18 (0–34)
|
7 (0–16)
|
2 × 10−15
|
|
Referred by neurologist
|
4 (5%)
|
14 (41%)
|
0.0001
|
|
Lithium carbonate daily dose, median mg (min–max)
|
450 (150–1050)
|
450 (150–750)
|
0.48
|
|
DSM-5 diagnosis
|
|
Bipolar I disorder
|
36 (46%)
|
7 (23%)
|
0.03
|
|
Bipolar II disorder
|
22 (28%)
|
12 (39%)
|
0.36
|
|
Major depressive disorder, recurrent
|
18 (23%)
|
2 (6%)
|
0.06
|
|
Bipolar disorder NED (not elsewhere defined)
|
3 (4%)
|
10 (32%)
|
0.0001
|
|
Current psychotropic medication
|
|
Anticonvulsants
|
15 (19%)
|
1 (3%)
|
0.04
|
|
Antipsychotics
|
33 (42%)
|
6 (19%)
|
0.03
|
|
Antidepressants
|
18 (23%)
|
4 (13%)
|
0.30
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
55 (70%)
|
25 (81%)
|
0.34
|
|
Prior long-term antidepressants
|
1 (1%)
|
8 (26%)
|
0.0001
|
|
Availability of brain imaging (CAT or NMR scans)
|
12 (15%)
|
10 (32%)
|
0.06
|
|
Antiplatelet drugs or oral anticoagulants
|
14 (18%)
|
13 (42%)
|
0.01
|
|
ACE inhibitors, sartans, and/or thiazides
|
40 (51%)
|
17 (55%)
|
0.83
|
