Table 1 Demographic and clinical variables in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), their unaffected first-degree relatives (UR) and healthy individuals (HC)

N

206

50

109

Metabolic syndrome

31 (15)

3 (6)

6 (5.5)

Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

2.06 [1.44–3.25]

2.10 [1.59–2.63]

1.73 [1.35–2.42]

Age (years)

29.5 [24–37]

26.5 [22–31.3]

28 [24–36.5]

Sex (% female)

126 (61.2)

25 (50)

66 (60.6)

Education (years total)

15 [12.5–16]

15 [13–17]

15.5 [14.5–17]

Number of smokers (%)

95 (46.1)

13 (27.1)

10 (9.3)

Alcohol, units per week

2 [0–7]

2 [1–8]

5 [2–7]

Exercise (IPAQ, MET-minutes per week)

1680 [698–3051]

2373 [754–5270]

2040 [1160–4320]

Sleep disturbance (PSQI total score)

9 [6–13]

5.5 [3.8–8.3]

4 [2–6]

HDRS-17

9 [5–15]

2 [0–4]

1 [0–2]

YMRS

2 [0–6]

0 [0–2]

1 [0–2]

BD I

75 (34.4)

–

–

BD II

127 (61.7)

–

–

Single manic episode

4 (1.9)

–

–

Age of onset

17 [14–21]

–

–

Illness duration (years)

10 [6–16]

–

–

Untreated bipolar disorder (years)^a

5 [1–11]

–

–

Manic episodes

0 [0–1]

–

–

Hypomanic episodes

4 [2–15]

–

–

Depressive episodes

6 [3–15]

–

–

Mixed episodes

0 [0–0]

–

–

Total affective episodes

12.5 [6–30]

–

–

Hospitalizations

0 [0–1]

–

–

Current affective episode

Remission

124 (60.2)

–

–

Mild/moderate depressive episode

42 (20.4)

–

–

Severe depressive episode

6 (2.9)

–

–

Mixed episode

10 (4.9)

–

–

Hypomanic episode

17 (8.3)

–

–

Manic episode

2 (1)

–

–

N.A.

2 (1)

–

–

Medication

No psychotropic medication

29 (14.1)

–

–

Lithium treatment

74 (35.9)

–

–

Antiepileptic treatment

108 (52.4)

–

–

Antidepressant treatment

55 (26.7)

–

–

Antipsychotic treatment

67 (32.5)

–

–

Psychotropic medication with metabolic adverse effects

127 (61.7)

–

–