Table 2 Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and their unaffected first-degree relatives (UR) compared with healthy individuals (HC)

1

Metabolic syndrome

a

BD vs. HC

3.041

1.227–7.535

0.016

UR vs. HC

1.096

0.263–4.570

0.9

b

Male vs. female sex

1.954

1.142–2.168

0.059

Age

1.574

1.142–2.168

0.056

BD vs. HC

3.529

1.378–9.041

0.009

UR vs. HC

1.472

0.334–6.497

0.6

c

Male vs. female sex

2.117

0.998–4.494

0.051

Age

1.580

1.137–2.197

0.006

BD vs. HC

1.918

0.669–5.498

0.2

UR vs. HC

1.108

0.027–0.432

0.9

No smoking

0.332

0.151–0.730

0.006

High vs. low alcohol intake

1.107

0.369–3.318

0.9

Moderate vs. low alcohol intake

0.739

0.317–1.727

0.5

2

Insulin resistance

a

BD vs. HC

1.203

1.058–1.367

0.005

UR vs. HC

1.092

0.0910–1.311

0.3

b

Male vs. female sex

1.095

0.977–1.238

0.1

Age

0.996

0.989–1.002

0.2

BD vs. HC

1.203

1.059–1.367

0.005

UR vs. HC

1.069

0.889–1.287

0.5

c

Male vs. female sex

1.129

1.001–1.273

0.048

Age

0.995

0.982–1.002

0.2

BD vs. HC

1.129

0.982–1.234

0.1

UR vs. HC

1.019

0.842–1.234

0.8

Smoking

1.113

0.974–1.271

0.1

High vs. low alcohol intake

0.857

0.704–1.044

0.1

Moderate vs. low alcohol intake

0.905

0.796–1.029

0.1