Epigenetic markers in inflammation-related genes associated with mood disorder: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in high-risk offspring of bipolar parents

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in candidate gene methylation rates between study groups

Candidate genes	Control vs HR unaff			Control vs HR aff			HR aff vs HR unaff
Candidate genes	β^a	p value	z-value	β^a	p-value	z-value	β^a	p-value	z-value
Cross-sectional differences in methylation rates
BDNF-1	− 0.2057	0.0385	− 2.07	− 0.2004	0.0230	− 2.27	− 0.0053	0.9645	− 0.04
BDNF-2	0.1715	0.1070	1.61	− 0.0366	0.7068	− 0.38	0.2081	0.0567	1.91
IL-1β	− 0.0593	0.6414	− 0.47	− 0.1433	0.2203	− 1.23	0.0840	0.5419	0.61
IL-6	0.0594	0.6272	0.49	0.0153	0.9096	1.11	0.0441	0.7287	0.36
NR3C1	− 0.1528	0.3094	− 1.02	− 0.2466	0.0396	− 2.06	0.0938	0.5597	0.58

Candidate genes	Control vs HR unaff			Control vs HR aff			HR aff vs HR unaff
Candidate genes	β^b	p-value	t-value	β^b	p-value	t-value	β^b	p-value	t-value
Longitudinal changes in methylation rates from T1 to T2
BDNF-1	− 0.013	0.3230	− 1.00	0.001	0.9160	0.11	− 0.014	0.3521	− 0.94
BDNF-2	− 0.014	0.0624	− 1.91	− 0.021	0.0140	− 2.55	0.007	0.4384	0.78
IL-1β	0.001	0.9344	0.08	− 0.011	0.2358	− 1.20	0.012	0.2315	1.21
IL-6	− 0.002	0.8424	− 0.20	− 0.009	0.3262	− 0.99	0.007	0.4484	0.76
NR3C1	− 0.020	0.0025	− 3.20	− 0.023	0.0019	− 3.30	0.003	0.6897	0.40

Significant p values are in italic
^aBeta coefficient for the estimated differences between groups in a multivariable mixed model including main effects for group, age, sex, and lifetime antidepressant and mood stabilizer use
^bBeta coefficient from the interaction product term between time and group in a multivariable mixed model including main effects for group, age, sex, antidepressant and mood stabilizer use between samples