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International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Risk of cardiovascular diseases in bipolar disorder patients vs. general population.

From: Bipolar depression: a major unsolved challenge

Outcome

Studies

Subjects

HR [95% CI]

p-value

Congestive heart failure

1

1397

2.27 [1.49–3.45]

< 0.0001

Cardiovascular mortality

3

179,651

1.65 [1.10–2.47]

0.02

Cerebrovascular disease

4

6,673,266

1.60 [0.99–2.57]

0.05

Any cardiovascular disease

10

7,058,912

1.57 [1.28–1.93]

< 0.0001

Coronary artery disease

4

6,808,812

1.16 [0.76–1.78]

0.49

  1. Based on longitudinal studies with 8.4 [range: 1.8–30) years of follow-up. Hazard ratio (HR) is adjusted for six potential confounders; ranked by HR
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