Smartphone-based activity measurements in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder, unaffected relatives and control individuals

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), unaffected first-degree relatives (UR) and healthy control individuals (HC) at baseline

	BD	UR	HC	BD vs HC (p)	BD vs UR (p)	UR vs HC (p)
Participants, n	203	54	109
Age, years	28 [24–35]	26 [22–31]	26 [24–36]	0.39	0.028	0.014
Female sex, % (n)	69.0 (140)	56.6 (30)	63.3 (69)	0.31	0.064	0.34
Education, years	15 [13–17]	15 [13–17]	16 [15–17]	<0.001	0.27	0.09
Full time employment, % (n)	32.0 (64)	48.1 (25)	50.0 (52)	0.002	0.03	0.82
Student, % (n)	40.5 (81)	46.2 (24)	38.5 (40)	0.73	0.46	0.36
HAMD-17	9 [5–15]	2 [0–3]	0 [0–2]	<0.001	<0.001	0.60
YMRS	2 [0–7]	0 [0–2]	0 [0–1]	<0.001	<0.001	0.60
FAST, total score	22 [13–30]	1 [0–3]	0 [0–2]	<0.001	<0.001	0.20
Bipolar disorder type II, % (n)	66.5 (135)	–	–	–	–	–
Age of onset, years	17 [14–21]	–	–	–	–	–
Illness duration, years^a	10 [5–14]	–	–	–	–	–
Untreated BD, years^b	4 [1–10]	–	–	–	–	–
No. prior depressive episodes	5 [3–13]	–	–	–	–	–
No. prior hypomanic episodes	5 [2–15]	–	–	–	–	–
No. prior manic episodes	1 [1–2]	–	–	–	–	–
No. prior mixed episodes	1 [1–2]	–	–	–	–	–
No. prior total episodes	12 [6–27]
Episode at baseline^f
Full or partiel remisison, % (n)	60.6 (123)
Hypomania/mania, % (n)	5.9 (12)
Depression, % (n)	33.0 (67)
Mixed, % (n)	0.5 (1)

Continuous variables are presented as median [interquartile range] and p-values are calculated based on differences in mean between the tree groups using mixed models. Categorical data are presented as % (n) and p-values are calculated by using the chi-square test.
HAMD-17 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with 17 items version, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, FAST Functional Assessment Short Test.
^aIllness duration was defined as the time from the first episode to the time of inclusion.
^bUntreated BD was defined as time from the first mania, hypomania, or mixed episode to time of diagnosis. Episode at baseline according to HAMD-17 and YMRS, full or partial remission was defined as HAMD-17 and YMRS < 14, scores on HAMD-17 or YMRS ≥ 14 were defined as depression or hypomania/mania and as mixed if both HAMD-17 and YMRS ≥ 14;