Skip to main content
International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 4 Estimated differences in activity in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), unaffected first-degree relatives (UR) and healthy control individuals (HC)

From: Smartphone-based activity measurements in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder, unaffected relatives and control individuals

 

Model 1

Model 2

BD

UR

HC

BD/HC

BD/UR

UR/HC

BD

UR

HC

BD/HC

BD/UR

UR/HC

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

p

p

p

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

p

p

p

Smartphone-based self-reported activity

 Self-reported activity

0.06

−0.02;0.14

0.54

0.39;0.69

0.68

0.57;0.79

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.16

0.05

−0.03;0.14

0.56

0.40;0.72

0.68

0.57;0.79

 < 0.001

0.001

0.25

 High activity levela (%)

12.5

10.4;14.7

24.2

20.0;28.4

24.8

21.9;27.8

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.81

12.7

10.4;15.0

24.3

20.1;28.6

24.9

21.9;27.9

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.82

 Low activity levelb (%)

14.0

12.2;15.7

8.0

4.6;11.4

5.1

2.7;7.5

 < 0.001

0.002

0.18

14.4

12.6;16.3

7.8

4.4;11.2

5.5

3.1;8.0

 < 0.001

0.001

0.29

Automatically generated smartphone-based activity

 Step counts (number/day)

3502

2711;4292

3177

1456;4896

5911

4511;7310

0.004

0.73

0.016

3622

2774;4470

2851

1018;4684

5923

4506;7340

0.006

0.45

0.010

 Screen time (min/day)

205.4

179;232

188.8

130;247

175.1

135;215

0.22

0.61

0.70

197.3

170;224

188.7

130;247

176,4

137;216

0.39

0.79

0.73

 Screen on (number/day)

66.8

56.6;77.1

82.3

59.7;104.9

71.1

55.6;86.6

0.65

0.22

0.42

63.9

53.6;74.1

77.9

55.8;100.1

70.8

55.8;85.8

0.45

0.26

0.60

 Incoming calls (number/day)

1.50

1.30;1.71

1.11

0.68;1.53

1.39

1.08;1.71

0.57

0.09

0.27

1.56

1.35;1.76

1.67

0.73;1.61

1.40

1.09;1.71

0.40

0.10

0.38

 Outgoing calls (number/day)

2.69

2.33;3.05

2.28

1.50;3.06

2.37

1.83;2.91

0.33

0.35

0.86

2.74

2.38;3.10

2.47

1.70;3.23

2.39

1.87;2.91

0.28

0.53

0.87

 Missed calls (number/day)

1.00

0.89;1.12

0.77

0.56;0.98

0.75

0.56;0.93

0.023

0.042

0.86

0.99

0.87;1.10

0.82

0.64;1.00

0.76

0.57;0.94

0.036

0.045

0.62

 Call duration (min/day)

17.8

15.0;20.7

9.93

3.70;16.2

10.45

6.17;14.73

0.005

0.024

0.89

17.8

14.9;20.6

11.15

4.93;17.4

10.7

6.45;14.9

0.007

0.058

0.90

 SMS incoming (number/day)

6.56

5.50;7.63

6.27

3.92;8.62

5.22

3.61;6.84

0.17

0.82

0.47

6.63

5.53;7.73

6.49

4.11;8.88

5.25

3.63;6.87

0.17

0.92

0.39

 SMS outgoing (number/day)

5.25

4.19;6.31

5.45

3.12;7.79

4.25

2.64;5.86

0.30

0.88

0.40

5.26

4.17;6.35

5.76

3.40;8.12

4.30

2.69;5.90

0.33

0.70

0.31

Physical activity (IPAQ)

 IPAQ total score

2748

2414;3080

3049

2421;3676

3374

2953;3795

0.022

0.41

0.40

2752

2410;3095

3045

2412;3679

3303

2877;3729

0.045

0.42

0.51

Observer-based rating scales

 HAMD subitem 8

0.40

0.34;0.46

0.10

−0.02;0.21

0.01

−0.02;0.21

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.20

0.39

0.33;0.45

0.08

−0.04;0.19

−0.003

−0.10;0.08

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.30

 HAMD subitem 9

0.34

0.28;0.40

0.12

0.01;0.23

0.01

−0.07;0.09

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.11

0.36

0.30:0.41

0.08

−0.02:0.19

0.02

−0.05:0.10

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.40

 YMRS subitem 2

0.41

0.33;0.49

0.24

0.09;0.39

0.14

0.04;0.25

 < 0.001

0.04

0.30

0.42

0.34;0.50

0.24

0.09;0.39

0.16

0.06;0.27

 < 0.001

0.033

0.42

 YMRS subitem 6

0.62

0.52;0.73

0.08

−0.12;0.28

0.05

−0.09;0.19

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.81

0.64

0.53;0.74

0.07

−0.14;0.27

0.07

−0.08;0.21

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.96

 FAST

20.8

19.5;22.0

3.25

0.76;5.6

1.38

−0.33;3.09

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.22

20.4

19.1;21.7

2.70

0.21;5.19

1.15

−0.59;2.89

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.32

  1. Significant p values are given in italic
  2. Model 1 unadjusted, Model 2 adjusted for age and sex, Physical activity (IPAQ) The Physical Activity Questionnaire short form. A measure of physical activity 7 days prior to assessment calculated as MET minutes per week, HAMD-17 The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item. Subitem 8 and 9 addressing psychomotor retardation and agitation, respectively, YMRS total The Young Mania Rating Scale. Subitem 2 and 6 assessing motor activity and speech, respectively, FAST The Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST), a measure of global functioning 14 days prior to assessment at baseline.
  3. aHigh activity level: Calculated as proportion of days with activity level >  = 2 on a scale from −3 to + 3/number of days with activity ratings.
  4. bLow activity level: Calculated as proportion of days with activity level <  = −2 on a scale from −3 to + 3/number of days with activity ratings.
Back to article page