Table 2 Bipolar disorder (BD) in children and adolescents with and without diagnostic change after 3 years of follow-up (N = 478)
Group with unchanged BD (N = 412) | Group with diagnostic change (N = 66) | RR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Sex | 0.038 | |||
Female | 244 (89.1%) | 30 (10.9%) | ||
Male | 168 (82.4%) | 36 (17.6%) | 1.61 (1.03; 2.53) | |
Family history of psychiatric disorder | 0.310 | |||
No | –a (87%) | –a (13%) | ||
Yes | –a (84%) | –a (16%) | 1.27 (0.80; 2.03) | |
Family history of BD | 0.629 | |||
No | –a (86%) | –a (14%) | ||
Yes | –a (88%) | –a (12%) | 0.82 (0.37; 1.18) | |
Substance abuse (total) | 0.286 | |||
No | 373 (86.7%) | 57 (13.3%) | ||
Yes | 39 (81.3%) | 9 (18.8%) | 1.41 (0.75; 2.68) | |
Substance abuse of other than alcohol and cannabis | 0.001 | |||
No | 397 (87.3%) | 58 (12.7%) | ||
Yes | 15 (65.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | 2.73 (1.48; 5.02) | |
Diagnostic setting | 0.015 | |||
Outpatient or ER | 259 (89.3%) | 31 (10.7%) | ||
Inpatient | 153 (81.4%) | 35 (18.6%) | 1.74 (1.11; 2.73) | |
Psychotic BD at index | 0.055 | |||
No | 340 (87.6%) | 48 (12.4%) | ||
Yes | 72 (80.0%) | 18 (20.0%) | 1.62 (0.99; 2.64) | |
Index BD prior to 2005 | 0.988 | |||
No | 300 (86.2%) | 48 (13.8%) | ||
Yes | 112 (86.2%) | 18 (13.8%) | 1.00 (0.61; 1.66) | |
Index BD < 13 years | ||||
No | 384 (86.1%) | 62 (13.9%) | ||
Yes | > 27 (–%)1 | < 5 (–%)1 | –a | –a |
Latest psychiatric diagnosis prior to BD | ||||
Schizophrenia or related diagnosis | < 0.0001 | |||
No | 355 (90.6%) | 37 (9.4%) | ||
Yes | 57 (66.3%) | 29 (33.7%) | 3.57 (2.33; 5.47) | |
Affective disorders | 0.568 | |||
No | 313 (86.7%) | 48 (13.3%) | ||
Yes | 99 (84.6%) | 18 (15.4%) | 1.16 (0.70; 1.91) | |
Substance abuse | 0.655 | |||
No | 381 (86.4%) | 60 (13.6%) | ||
Yes | 31 (83.8%) | 6 (16.2%) | 1.19 (0.55; 2.57) | |
Other psychiatric disorders | 0.134 | |||
No | 191 (88.8%) | 24 (11.2%) | ||
Yes | 221 (84.0%) | 42 (16.0%) | 1.43 (0.90; 2.29) | |
Information about parents (N = 473) | ||||
Schizophrenia or related diagnosis | 0.003 | |||
No | –a (88%) | –a (12%) | ||
Yes | –a (72%) | –a (28%) | 2.26 (1.32; 3.90) | |
Affective disorders | 0.680 | |||
No | –a (87%) | –a (13%) | ||
Yes | –a (85%) | –a (15%) | 1.12 (0.66; 1.91) | |
Substance abuse | 0.928 | |||
No | –a (86%) | –a (14%) | ||
Yes | –a (86%) | –a (14%) | 1.03 (0.55; 1.92) | |
Other psychiatric disorders | 0.438 | |||
No | –a (86%) | –a (14%) | ||
Yes | –a (> 55%) | –a (< 45%) | 1.64 (0.47; 5.68) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at first ever BD diagnosis (N = 478) | 15.9 (2.1) | 16.0 (2.1) | 1.01 (0.91; 1.13) | 0.857 |
Age at first psychiatric contact (N = 478) | 14.4 (3.5) | 14.0 (4.3) | 0.98 (0.92; 1.04) | 0.465 |