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International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 2 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics for subjects in the four pre-defined groups (three BD at-risk and one manifest mania/BD) (N = 149)

From: Early detection of bipolar disorders and treatment recommendations for help-seeking adolescents and young adults: Findings of the Early Detection and Intervention Center Dresden

 

Group 1

AR

(N = 21)

Group 2

AR + LD

(N = 49)

Group 3

AR + (H)MR

(N = 55)

Group 4

M/BD

(N = 24)

Group differences with Bonferroni correction (significant results, only)d

p-value

Group differences for planned contrasts representing increasing risk for BD (significant results, only)d

p-value

 

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

    

Age

23.7

4.8

24.5

5.1

23.4

4.0

25.6

4.5

    
 

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

    

Sex

 Female

12

57.1

33

67.3

32

58.2

8

33.3

G2 vs G4: Chi2 = 7.570

0.036

G1 + G2 + G3 vs G4: Chi2 = 6.565

0.039

Substance use

  

 Nicotine usea

9

42.9

21

44.7

22

41.5

12

60.0

    

 Alcohola

4

19.0

16

34.0

21

39.6

8

40.0

    

 Cannabis usea

11

52.4

22

46.8

30

56.6

15

75.0

  

G1 + G2 + G3 vs G4: Chi2 = 3.652

0.056

 Amphetamine useb

4

19.0

5

10.6

9

17.0

5

25.0

    

 Hallucinogen useb

3

14.3

6

12.8

6

11.3

3

15.0

    

 Cocaine useb

1

4.8

2

4.3

5

9.4

4

20.0

  

G1 + G2 + G3 vs G4: Chi2 = 3.951

0.041

Diagnoses according to DSM-IV (current or lifetime)#

  

 Mental/behavioral dis. due to psychoactive substance use (F1x.x)

2

9.5

11

22.4

9

16.4

4

16.7

    

  Mental/behavioral dis. due to use of alcohol (F10.x)

1

4.8

9

18.4

7

12.7

3

12.5

    

 Mental/behavioral dis. due to use of cannabis (F12.x)

2

9.5

4

8.2

3

5.5

3

12.5

    

 Mood (Affective) Disorders (3x.x)

0

0.0

49

100.0

35

63.6

24

100.0

n.a

 

n.a

 

  Manic episode/Bipolar affective disorder (wo Hypomania) (F30.x-F31.x)

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

24

100.0

n.a

 

n.a

 

  Depressive Episode (F32.x)

0

0.0

20

40.8

7

12.7

0

0.0

n.a

 

n.a

 

  Recurrent depressive disorder (F33.x)

0

0.0

24

49.0

27

49.1

0

0.0

n.a

 

n.a

 

  Persistent mood (affective) disorders (F34.x)

0

0.0

5

10.2

1

1.8

0

0.0

n.a

 

n.a

 

 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F4x.x)

7

33.3

10

20.4

17

30.9

8

33.3

    

  Phobic anxiety disorders and other anxiety disorders (F40.x-F41.x)

4

19.0

6

12.2

15

27.3

6

25.0

  

G1 + G2vsG3 + G4: Chi2 = 3.406

0.065

 Eating disorders (F50x)

1

4.8

3

6.1

5

9.1

1

4.2

    

 Specific, mixed and other personality disorders (F60.x-F61.x)

3

14.3

3

6.1

3

5.5

0

0.0

  

G1vsG2 + G3 + G4: Chi2 = 2.928

0.087

 ADHD/ hyperkinetic disorder (F90.x)c

1

4.8

4

8.2

7

12.7

3

12.5

    

 Comorbidity of above mentioned diagnoses 0

11

52.4

0

0.0

11

20.0

0

0.0

G1 vs G2: Chi2 = 30.632

G1 vs G3: Chi2 = 8.655

G1 vs G4: Chi2 = 16.720

G2 vs G3: Chi2 = 11.913

p < 0.001

p = 0.078

p < 0.001

p = 0.018

G1vsG2 + G3 + G4: Chi2 = 27.810

G1 + G2 + G3vsG4: Chi2 = 5.340

p < 0.001

p = 0.069

  1

6

28.6

25

51.0

18

32.7

13

54.2

  2 + 

4

19.0

24

49.0

26

47.3

11

45.8

  
  1. N number, % percentage, M mean, SD: standard deviation, Chi2: Chi-square, p: p-value, n.a. not applicable, AR at-risk for bipolar disorder, LD: lifetime depression, (h)MR (Hypo-)Mania Risk State, M/BD Manifest Mania/ Bipolar Disorder, G1 group 1, G2 group 2, G3 group 3, G4 group 4.
  2. anever, once, sporadically vs. frequently; bnever, once vs. sporadically; c including anamnestic information; dFor reason of clarity we decided to present significant results only.
  3. Statistics for non-significant results are available on request to inform future meta-analyses,
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